Rhetorical Strategies Analysis of “Bill Clinton’s First Inaugural Address”

Rhetorical Strategies Analysis of â€Å"Bill Clinton's First Inaugural Address† Introduction William Jefferson â€Å"Bill† Clinton served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He got authority at the end of the Cold War. During Cold War, in order to compete with the Soviet Union's military power, the federal government spent a great deal of financial resources to establish a powerful military. The quality of life of common people decreased year after year. At that time, people desired to have a new powerful authority to rebuild people's confidence.Clinton won the 1992 presidential election with 42% of the vote against his predecessor, George H. W. Bush who had 37. 4% of the vote. Clinton's wining ended the Republican rule of the White House of previous years. With 43% of the vote, he outpolled the winning House candidate in five districts. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. In January 1993, he had campaigned on the theme of change and the public expected him to deliver. And in his first inaugural address, he continually promised change.The purpose of my article is to figure out: what rhetorical strategies and tactics did President Clinton use in oder to accomplish hi task of change? Inaugural addresses have often served as the civil religion. Clinton was well – prepared to take this tradition. According to the evidence, it suggests his three main resources for first inaugural address are his lifetime study of the Bible, his education at Georgetown University, and his reading of others' inaugural addresses by Republican and Democratic presidents.During the campaign Clinton mentioned that when he was a little child, he felt a strong calling to go to church even though his parents did not go. He grew up in the Southern Baptist denomination and as he remembered, â€Å"I had to get other people to read the scripture every day or do it myself. † His religious choice fits the American belief. Most American believe that God â€Å"is actively interested and involved in history, with a special concern for America,† as Robert N. Bellah said. During the 1990s, Clinton skillfully used biblical language to make common eople trust him and rebuild their confidence in a future president. Context The inaugural address of an American president is a vital ceremonial event and an occasion for a particular kind of communication between the President and the people. The president represents all the people of a country and his inaugural address shows a direction of the government. The address is the first official announcement made by the new president and it is analyzed as setting the tone for the four years to follow.Presidents have had their own skill in shaping and delivering their addresses, drawing on rhetorical devices to convey a message and to communicate a sense of meaning and value. Clinton gave people a vivid image about a brand new future for the United States with a short first a ddress. He bring a metaphor for the future, â€Å"a spring reborn in the world's oldest democracy, that brings forth the vision and courage to reinvent America. † For the spring to be reborn in America, President Clinton called for government and public to change.Clinton thought that America have to change for better notion and â€Å"not change for change's sake, but change to preserve America's ideals – life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. † Thus, from my perspective, the rhetorical strategy of Clinton's first address is persuasion. He tries to explain contemporary situation of America and he tries to advocate â€Å"change† on this issue. The Strategy of Persuasion As we learned, the three main methods of persuasion involve pathos, ethos and logos. President Clinton seems to use one major approach, pathos, to persuade audiences. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent StaplesPathos is to use emotion to persuade audiences' minds in a rhetorical argument. President Clinton uses basic American beliefs and ideologies, such as, â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,† trying to arouse people's passion. Also, he brought out the social problem of America, that â€Å"raised in unrivaled prosperity, we inherit an economy that is still the world's strongest, but is weakened by business failures, stagnant wages, increasing inequity, and deep divisions among our people. † He used realistic problems to relate to common people's daily life. It brings out another passion, which is to struggle for their life.Then, in the middle of his first inaugural address, Clinton calls for people's responsibilities to renew and create a better nation. He uses child to bring out a bigger theme of posterity and he calls people's passion to create a better society for their posterity. He said, â€Å"posterity is the world to come — the world for whom we hold our ideals, from whom we have borrowed our planet, and to whom we bear sacred responsibility. † By using pathos of persuasion, President Clinton tried to arouse the public to put more effort into establishing American society in order to renew the United States.The significant purpose of persuasion always to change people's behavior eventually. Then, Clinton mentioned three main parts to renew the whole country. First of all, â€Å"to renew America, we must be bold,† which brings out the responsibilities of citizens and government; second of all, â€Å"we must revitalize our democracy,† which discusses reinventing authority and the federal government; finally, â€Å"we must meet challenges abroad as well at home,† and President Clinton gave two ideas both diplomacy and national thoughts. The Strategy of Biblical LanguageIn the end of first address, President Clinton emphasis on how individuals change themselves to drive the government's and country's change. He used emotional language to make that argument, that is â€Å"in serving, we recognize a simple but powerful truth — we need each other. † In the final paragraph of the inaugural address, it included a verse from St. Paul's letter to the Galatians, â€Å"and let us not be weary in well – doing; for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not,† which could make special resonance. As mentioned above, Clinton uses biblical language to reference to political trusts and purposes.

Legalizing Prostitution Essay

Your Grade: 90.4 A- Informative introduction to the topic, a controversial issue (worth 15%)87 ~political or historical context ~facts or statistics ~examples or anecdotes ~quotations from authorities and experts Informative introduction to two sources (web pages, articles, editorials, or essays) and their opposing positions on the issue (worth 20%)90 ~two authors’ names ~their professional affiliations or credentials ~titles of the two sources ~publication information ~each author’s thesis Analytical and constructive analysis of the opposing positions (worth 40%)88 ~points of disagreement (values, moral principles, ideology, needs and interests, fears and concerns, priorities or agendas) ~points of agreement (over same, values etc.) ~suggestions for developing the conversation, building common ground, possibly striking a compromise Fair and impartial presentation (worth 10%)100 ~represent each side fairly and accurately ~be clear your purpose is to highlight and foster common ground ~don’t judge either of the opposing positions ~give equal attention to both Readable structure (worth 10%)95 ~thesis and forecasting statement/s (saying that in the face of disagreement common ground exists) ~topic sentences for paragraphs ~consistent labels for the opposing positions (e.g. authors’ last names) ~transitional words or phrases Sentence-level issues (worth 5%)93 ~following the guidelines on style, syntax, and punctuation that I’ve covered in PP presentations Rulx Muller Malbranche Nathanael Tagg 06/03/2013 Eng. 101 Legalizing Prostitution Considered as the world’s oldest job, prostitution has hunted society for ages. In some culture, it is seen as taboo, while in the United States the debate of legalizing it is prevailing. As a fact, prostitution cannot be put aside, something have to be done about it. Therefore, people from different background want to convey their point of view by any means possible. Some individuals come to say that prostitution should be legalized because it is a consensus between two people, and therefore, it should be respected. While others advance the principle of ethics, values and morals. In any case, this debate is in course, and prostitution on the other hand is still practiced, legalized or not. In 2012, an article appeared in the New York Times magazine called â€Å"Legality brings protection and better care†. Chika Unigwe, PhD; the Nigerian-born author gives some of the reasons why prostitution should no longer be without law controls. She argues that where prostitution is illegal, women are more at risk of being violated by their customers, because they are by themselves; without help from any other. Cecilia Hoffman, Secretary of the Coalition against Trafficking in Women, wrote in 1997 a paper, â€Å"Sex: From Human Intimacy to Sexual Labor†. In this text she asserts that â€Å"prostitution  violate the right to physical and moral integrity† and also â€Å"the right to liberty and security†; therefore, it should not be legalized. Admittedly, Unigwe and Hoffman seem to be on different sides of the question. However, both share a common ambition, which is to protect women in general. Unigue states that, â€Å"criminalizing prostitution does not irradiate it†¦, it gives the customers in unfair advantage†. (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, April 19, 2012). From her point of view, the fact that we associate prostitution with crime and violence does not eliminate its existence. It reinforces the customers to take profit of the situation, knowing that it is a dirty game; therefore they should also play dirty. For Unigwe, legalizing prostitution will give women better advantages in this practice. Whereas Hoffman, who does not consider the advantages that would bring such legalization. She focuses instead in the consequences of prostitution in real life. She declares that â€Å"Prostitution violates the prohibition of slavery , of force labor and trafficking in person†(catwap.wordpress.com, Cecilia Hoffman, n.d).It is clear that for Hoffman prostitution have too much negative effects on women, that should not lead to its legalization. Unigwe continues to emphasize the benefits of legalizing this old practice by asserting that it would give support to women who need help in the business. â€Å"Pimp have these illegal prostitutes in their power because the women can find no resource to help† (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, April 19, 2012). According to her, the fact that women are suffering in this practice is undeniable, thus, their need for help is prevailing. The legality of prostitution, for the author, will protect the right for women to be safer in their practice, to have the laws and regulations as their backup in any case of attack or violation. On the other hand, Hoffman does not comply with this point of view; she belittles the practice of prostitution in itself. Conforming to her view point, prostitution is a set of violations of human’s right. â€Å"It violates the right to enjoy the highest standard of physical and mental health† (catwap.wordpress.com, Cecilia Hoffman, n.d). She implies the violence, diseases, unwanted pregnancies, and unsafe abortion, all part of the common problems encountered in prostitution. For this reason, legalizing this practice also means legalizing diseases, unsafe abortion and so forth, something that Hoffman would totally disagree upon. Besides Hoffman ideas, there are other points to denote. Unigwe would say that the rate of disease is high among the prostitutes because many of them do not have easy access to health care as the legal workers. â€Å" even though some charity organization provide health care for illegal sex workers, many of them are reluctant and fear to accept the help† (Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, april 19, 2012). The fact for these prostitutes to be illegal, cause them to resort to stay in darkness in order to survive. According to Unigwe, there is a way to decrease the rate of diseases between the prostitutes, which is by making prostitution legal. Subsequently, they will have better access to health care; there will be no fear among them of being marginalized. Both Unigwe and Hoffman are aware of the consequences or effects of prostitution on women in particular. This shared value- women right prevails- constitute a common ground between the two sides. Both have a common preoccupation, but they have different ways of expressing it. Nevertheless, this common ground does not lead them to the same conclusion. Hoffman is totally against the legality of prostitution, considering it as a humiliation or degradation of women values, reducing them to â€Å"simple commodity† to be â€Å"bought and sold†. She stands against prostitution as a practice, and considers it as an aberration that need to be eradicated in our society; if possible. However, Unigwe is more open minded on the subject, while being against the problems encountered by the prostitutes. In contrast with Hoffman, she proposes the benefits related to such legality, both for the women and for society. She advances that:â€Å"women who work legally have better access to health care, protection against violent customers and protection against exploitation†( Chika Unigwe, nytimes,com, april 19, 2012). She also believes that society gains money from such legality, precisely through income tax revenues. In her point of view, this is a good approach to face the blatant phenomenon of prostitution. As two sociological active people, Hoffman and Unigwe are obviously emphasizing the need for women to be treated fairly well. Hoffman believes  that the female gender would be more protected and considered if prostitution’s rate was decreasing; thus legalizing it is out of her list. Whereas Unigwe, who consider the fact that there is actually prostitutes who are suffering in order to survive. Based on this, she thinks of the legality of prostitution as a way to help them in their cause. Although Hoffman and Unigwe view prostitution on different angles, they shared a key value that can probably lead them to a consensus in the future. Work cited Chika Unigwe, Legality Brings Protection and Better Care, The New York Time website, april 19, 2012. Cecilia Hoffman, â€Å" Sex: From human intimacy to sexual labor†, CATW-AP website, n.d.

Developing leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing leadership - Essay Example However, introducing these data systems to health facilities in rural areas that have operated manually for so long may present certain challenges. This is because many of the employees as well as the facility itself may consider the effects of the data systems overwhelming. This paper will discuss the challenges faced by healthcare facilities in their efforts to adopt technology. Healthcare facilities have exhibited their commitment in adopting technology with the purpose of delivering quality services to the customers. The main role of healthcare facilities is to provide quality healthcare to patients. Many factors in the healthcare system and management system of the facility may compromise the quality of the healthcare delivered to patients. For example, the manual system that relies on book records and is the only available form of communication between nurses and doctors as well as other medical practitioners wastes a lot of time that could find use in delivering prompt healthcare to patients. This explains why healthcare facilities are adopting data systems that can replace the manual records. The data systems offer an interconnected platform whereby all the practitioners can consult on the health needs of a certain patients, share data concerning the patient’s progress, diagnostics, prescriptions, and assessments of the efficiency of drugs1. Fr om the reception point in the healthcare facilities, health history of the patients as well as the demographic factors defines the patient’s entry into the data system. Patients can access information concerning their healthcare needs from any of the practitioners because the data systems circulate across the healthcare facility. However, despite the numerous benefits presented by the adoption of database systems in the healthcare facilities, certain challenges are noticeable. One of the

Temple of Zeus at Akragas, Agrigento, Sicily 500-460 B.C Essay

Temple of Zeus at Akragas, Agrigento, Sicily 500-460 B.C - Essay Example In Agrigento, Sicily, one of the most ancient architectural designs stands there even today, attracting thousands of people from across the globe. Historically, the town is famous for its splendid assortment of more than seven Greek temples that dates back to the sixth and fifth centuries BC. Standing on the southern part of the city of Agrigento, these temples provide a classic example of a historical study about ancient architectural designs, and how they influences modern day architecture (Wilson 7). Many historians believe that the Greek colonialists are the ones who built the city of Akragas in 580 BC. These colonialists had travelled from far, precisely from Rhodes and settled in Sicily. Life during the colonial times was not any easy, as tyranny, persecutions and slavery took the orders of the day. However, these periods happened and democracy settled in slowly and the city dwellers, about 200,000 of them in the fifth century BC, embarked on a journey of developing their city. High-quality wine, olives, and horses decorated the beautiful city, and later on the most famous and beautiful temples stood elected. However, something astonishing happened in 406 BC. The Carthaginians invaded Akragas just barely eight months after the construction of the temples, and mutilated the temples. The Carthaginians ruled the city until 340 BC when Timoleon engaged the Carthage in war and finally defeated them. However, it is important to note that the city had lost its glory and magnificent scene, a scene that stands unrecovered even up to today. The change o one empire to another has not helped in the rebuilding of the temples. However, these temples still have a historical significance to modern day historians and architectural designers (Paton 74-94). In Italy, historians agree that the Olympian Zeus Temple is the prevalent Doric temple ever built and it has some historical significance. However, it is paramount to note that due to various reasons, the construction of these temple never ended. In fact, today, the temple of Zeus lies in ruins as the people responsible for its construction did not do much to compete it. Standing in the Valle dei Templi, other famous temples surround the temple of Zeus thus giving the later a sheer significance. Nonetheless, it is imperative to note that nobody recorded the exact history this temple, and therefore it is quite unclear. This does not however imply that there are no absolute facts about the temple of Zeus. In fact, one of its significance is the commemoration of war pitting Syracuse and Carthaginians (Battle of Himera 480 BC). As earlier noted the Carthaginians had taken control of the city and imposed their rule. Some historians such as Diodorus Siculus point out that the Carthaginians are the ones who built the temple by using slaves. Here, the slaves were mainly the captured enemies parading as soldiers but were now defeated and taken into captivity where they subjected them into hard work and labo r (Wilson 48-61). The ancient literature does not say much about the temple of Zeus although many historians mention it in their writings. For example, Polybius, one of the Greek historians records in a memo that although the other temples surrounding the temple of Zeus looked complete and beautiful unlike the temple of Zeus, the later was completely odd in terms of appearance, design and dimensions. He goes on to say

Consumer behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer behavior - Assignment Example Her decision to buy a specific vehicle was influenced by several important qualities she demanded in a new vehicle. The car had to be safe, extremely fuel efficient, comfortable, with a stellar reputation for safety, reliability and low repair costs among current owners and professionals alike. As a working mother she needs a reliable, fuel efficient and inexpensive to insure vehicle to commute and be able to depend on her vehicle for everyday errands and for fun. After interviewing her and finding what her true wants and needs are we came to the conclusion that her need for a good looking, roomy, reliable vehicle with low operating costs outweighed all other attributes like performance, status or size of the vehicle. In her case the 10 year/100,000 mile power train warranty offered by Hyundai for all their vehicles was the best in the industry and provided the peace of mind and reliability she was after. Today’s customers often seek reliability on the products they buy, but l ike all other major purchases the product has to speak to the customer. Her main concern and true high-level need was â€Å"peace of mind†, having an efficient, comfortable and brand new reliable vehicle he can depend on for work and fun for years to come coupled with the exceptional warranty achieved her goal. The desire and higher-level motivation to being â€Å"in control† and not have to rely on friends or family for transportation weighted heavily on her decision to purchase the Elantra. The always popular and reliable 2012 Toyota Corolla was a close second vehicle which she could afford based on her budget, but the corolla was more expensive similarly equipped and did not provide the same warranty as Hyundai. Another higher-level need which was fulfilled with the purchase of the Hyundai was need for safety and freedom a dependable vehicle provides to the owner. B) Their brands and specific model attributes chosen from Hyundai and Toyota played a major role in dec iding which older Japanese economy vehicle provided the best historical reliability rating, lowest overall investment costs and resale price. C) The marketing department for both Hyundai and Toyota can learn from this example in order to benefit their brands as a whole. Marketing professionals can utilize the gamma of available information from credible professional reviews, long-term consumer and expert tests and long- term reliability ratings and reviews from thousands of owners to better create a true picture of the company and their products and how consumers perceive their brands. Both companies can use consumer data to compile databases which can help provide objective data for comparative and statistical analysis about their products and the competition. Hyundai has made strides forward becoming one of America's favorite car brands and even the automotive giant Toyota can learn a few lessons from an up and coming brand like Hyundai. Marketing managers can also gain insights a bout the public perception of their products, the subjective factors that drive consumer decision making, as well as their overall brand image. In conclusion the brand's historical ratings, reputation, innovation, exceptional value and warranty of their products are the main factors that came into play when deciding to buy a replacement vehicle for this consumer. Whether you are evaluating a brand new 2013 Hyundai Elentra or 2013 Toyota Corolla the same factors come into play when making the

Extended definition of an object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extended definition of an object - Essay Example In the later half of the nineteenth century, the great train wrecks helped the railroad pocket watch serve as a staple for the workers of railway. It was on 18 April 1891 when in Kipton, Ohio, two trains came across each other. An engineer’s pocket watch who was on a passenger train, stopped to function for about four minutes. The temporary dysfunction of the pocket watch was making the train late. The unfortunate event happened when the mail freighter, another train came moving in the same direction as the first train. The second train was heading towards a different side of the town. As a result of the delays caused by the dysfunction of the pocket watch, the two trains did not meet each other at the supposed location. Rather they collided near the town’s edge causing eight casualties that included the two conductors of the respective trains. This unfortunate accident instigated a lot of changes in the rail community. One of the people for whom the incident proved for tunate was Mr. W. C. Ball who was a watchmaker as well as a jeweler and had specialized in the skill of pocket watch making. Ball knew how to keep track of time.

Evaluation Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Evaluation Argument - Essay Example Waiting to meet Jesus is a healthy journey for everyone, but the pressures of the society can interrupt this waiting, and cause an individual to go against the will of God, by being forced to lie to having met Jesus, even though in the real sense Jesus has not yet visited the individual. Thus, the understanding and practice of religion might be marred with widespread confusion, most especially when the practice of religion is associated with induction of a child, but external pressure can obstruct the good judgment in matters of religion even more. The elaborate understanding of religion and its practice is fundamental for an individual seeking to join and practice it. The misunderstanding of the basic tenets surrounding a religion might see an individual simply enter into a religion, but remain disappointed afterwards, when the expectations held by the individual are not met (Klick, 27). In the article the article "Salvation" by Langston Huges, joining the religious practice happened in utter confusion, since the understanding of Huges was that he must first meet Jesus physically. Huges had been told by his auntie Reeds that â€Å"when you were saved you saw a light, and something happened to you inside! And Jesus came into your life!† (Huges, n.p.). In this respect, his understanding of this process of getting saved was in its literal meaning. Thus, this understanding build such an expectation in his mind; that seeing the light and feeling something happen on the inside will be the hallmarks of accepting salvation. Th erefore, the fact that it was becoming too late and everyone else had gotten saved except for him, made Huges remain with no other choice but to take the step forward and accept salvation without having first experienced the light and something happening on the inside. It can therefore be seen that Langston Huges’ article, "Salvation", may not

What impact did the Atlantic slave trade have on the nations of the Essay

What impact did the Atlantic slave trade have on the nations of the West African interior - Essay Example As the slave traders only left the old and the young behind, with the young and able bodied Africans all captured to be sold later, therefore it was very hard for those who were left behind to revive the economy and make a living for themselves, resulting, often, in starvation and more deaths. Those who were captured were transported by forced marches across the continent, further causing deaths. Moreover, not all who were captured were transported to other continents, which resulted in their displacement within the continent, which caused adverse affects to the region they were left in. There was massive relocation on the part of many communities, as they did not want to be within short distance of the slave traders’ route, which caused them to lose all advancements they had made in their present areas. Not only that, as these communities were more focused on saving themselves and trying to hide from the slave traders, they had little or no economic and technological development. As the Europeans were involved completely in the slave trade, they did not want the African states to centralize due to the adverse affects of this centralization to the slave trade. Due to this reason, the European powers did not allow much political progress to be made in the region. This also resulted in despotic rulers or elders, often if not always funded by Europeans, being placed over the people, who did not allow much interaction between the states, and who often, suppressed their own people and allowed the slave trade to go on. All of this caused the continent to be pushed back in time with little or no progress being made at any level. The African people were often disorganized with the whole continent lagging far behind in its economic, political and social growth. The slave trade was the first step, therefore one can say, in leaving the doors open for European colonialism in the African continent, which was a further cause for the problems of the

Creating conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating conflict - Essay Example He gives up and lights his cigarette. Leah stands to walk away escaping the toxic fumes of the cigarette. Jack feels sorry for her but this is a smoking zone he points out a notice on a nearby stand written in capital, ‘SMOKING ZONE’. Lost in his thoughts he hears a commotion and a loud scream. Leah has just been robed her bad and pushed to the ground. The thief is running towards the Jack with Leah’s back in his hands. Subconsciously jack trips the thief by putting his feet across his path. He falls down in a loud thud. Nearby park police officers who heard the commotion reach on time to grab the thief. Leah is now on her feet and is smiling at Jack. She offers her had to greet him. Maybe this was the ice breaker that Jack needed. He offers her a Cigarette again which she accepts without hesitation. John stealthily sneaks into the back door escaping the eagle eye of his manager. He had refused to grant him an early leave to attend Maya’s birthday he was getting late and he had ten more minutes to go. He opens the find the door is locked. He looks up and sees the old window open. He climbs up and squeezes through the tiny window tearing his pants in the process. He falls in a loud thud on the basement behind the restaurant and sprains his ankle. Battered and torn, he is determined not to disappoint the love of his life. He quickly looks through his pockets for his wallet. Unfortunately he has left it on his locker room together with the necklace he had bought for the gift. He is distraught but he can not disappoint Maya as he had done before when he failed to remember her birth day. He decides to trek to James home to get assistance. He takes a short cut through a dark early. He sees two men approach him. He is scared he starts to run back but he is too slow due to the injury. They catch up to him and rough him up. They do not find anything to steal. One of the men gives him a punch on the stomach that knocks him

Cloud based computing security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cloud based computing security - Essay Example ability) , discusses the security challenges that currently face the enterprise when storing data in its own local severs or deploying it the cloud and introduces available solution for these issues . Security is simply protecting data against improper disclosures, modification or destruction; whether these are intentionally or accidentally caused. That is to say, a complete solution to data security issues should meet three basic requirements: confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality requires that data should be protected from unauthorized individuals or systems . Integrity refers to an assurance in the accuracy of the data. This means preventing of unauthorized or improper data modification or deletions must be engaged. Availability refers to keeping timely access to data and resources by authorized person. It also refers to the protection from malicious data denials making the system no longer available; or the recovery from hardware and software errors. The importance assigned to these requirements significantly depends on the considered environment. For example, in military environments, most attention devoted to the confidently, while integrity is the mo st relevant aspect of commercial environment. In public institutions, such as hospitals and airline companies and credit institutions in which data correction is essential in addition to the privacy constraints, a combination of integrity and confidentiality are needed. Developments in networking technology and an increase in the need of computing resources have encouraged many enterprises to outsource their storage and computing needs. This new model of computing is commonly referred to as â€Å"cloud computing†. Cloud computing is computing which leverages computer resource through the internet. It is defined by the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) as: â€Å"A model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to shared pool of configurable computing resource

Lying Essay Example for Free

Lying Essay Despite the fact that lying is harmful in various ways, at some point in each of our lives we have lied, some may be more than other but we all tell a little lie once in a while. In the article Lying Tim Mazur talks about the possible consequences that one can for lying and also mention various reason what may cause some to lie. Tim Mazur believes people lie to maintain relationships, please others, avoid awardness and punishment. From my perspective I believe there are circumstances where lying can be acceptable under the following circumstances: to maintain peace, in order to gain something beneficial that can become life-changing , to protect the wealth of others, and to please others. (implicate how lying can affect others and possible consequences one can face in the begging) One circumstance under which it is acceptable for someone to tell a lie is a situation in which something beneficial that can become life-changing by virtue of the lie. An opportunity that is life-changing can improve the course of ones day-day existence drastically. And that being said, if ones day to day existence can be improved drastically, then a lie (especially a small one) is well-worth it. For example, the possibility to gain a career through lying could be well-worth it, because it can shape the course of ones present future. If for instance the applicant knows she or he is fully capable of performing a task but has no experience performing it, and the job requires experience or skills that field. She or he might lie about their skills/experience in order to have a better chance at obtaining the job . She or he could then quickly learn the required skills. The confidence that the applicant can bring his or skills up to par has earned she or he a job, and she or he has not hurt either herself or the company at that has now hired him or her. Another circumstance in which it is acceptable for one to tell is when its to please others. Pleasing others is when one says or does something good, to keep that person pleased. For example in todays society almost all parents tell their children that Santa clause is realistic or telling them that the tooth fairy left a dollar under their pillow because they lost their tooth. The parents are doing their kids a favor by telling them a lie that both Santa clause, and, the tooth fairy are real by not ruining there childhood. The parents lie to their kids so their children can some sort of imagination. (explain how it isnt hurting the kids and how everyone benefits etc)

Investigating a simple pendulum Essay Example for Free

Investigating a simple pendulum Essay In a way, I think that my experiment was successful. Most people would say that it would not have been a successful experiment if their results did not exactly match some of their predictions, just like my results, but I think that my experiment was a successful one because it made me realise that results will not always match predictions and it is fine to get results different from those you expected because it gives you more things to investigate when doing your evaluation. I think that my experiment was quite a fair one seeing as each test was done three times and an average result was taken. When I was testing the variables, length, mass and amplitude, I only tested one at a time, keeping the other two variables the same. I performed the experiment in the centre of the work bench, so the pendulum could not hit anyone passing by or and walls or other objects. As I said earlier in my obtaining evidence part of this coursework I think my results may have been slightly inaccurate seeing as the precision of my results depended on my hand-eye coordination which could not have been the same every time I judged when to stop the stopwatch. I think that my results would be quite easy to reproduce seeing as they all follow the expected patterns and were all taken three times and an average was also taken. I will now be attempting to explain why I think that my results did not match those of the equation: One of the reasons for this may be that my results could have been slightly inaccurate. Another reason may have been that the apparatus that I used was not as accurate as it could have been. If we look at the table of results for the formula, we can see that as the length increases, the difference between the actual time taken for one swing of the pendulum and the formula result gets closer. This could mean that the formula is meant for slightly larger lengths than 10 and 15 centimetres, maybe something such as one metre and above. Or it could mean that my results are inaccurate, especially those with shorter lengths, seeing as they swing faster and are obviously harder to get accurate results for. And now I will be attempting to explain why I think that the formula: , did not give a constant result. The reasons are the same as the ones for the above formula, that my results may have been slightly inaccurate and that the apparatus I used may also have been inaccurate. And again, if we look at my table of results, the results of the formula seem to get closer to a constant as the length increases. This could mean that the formula is meant to be used for slightly larger lengths than those that I investigated or it could mean that my results are slightly inaccurate, again especially with those smaller lengths, seeing as they are harder to time as they swing a lot quicker than the larger lengths. If I had to do the experiment again, I would use some different equipment and I would only investigate length as a variable seeing as I now know that it is the only variable that affects the time taken for one swing of the pendulum. The piece of equipment that I would want to change most would be the time measuring device that I used. A good time measuring device would ensure both accurate and reliable results, which is what every experiment needs to be truly successful. The best device I can think of would be a light sensitive one which starts a timer when the beam of light is broken, by the string passing through it, and stops it when the beam is broken again. Using this method would not only ensure accurate and reliable results, but it would allow me to get the time taken for one swing only and not the average of ten swings divided by ten. But such a piece of equipment would be very expensive and would also be very hard to set up, so I therefore think that it would not be possible to use a piece of equipment like the one described above. From looking at my results, I would also change the lengths of the strings that I would time, seeing as when I compared my results to those given by the formulas, the shortest lengths of string gave the most out of place results. I would probably test lengths of around one metre to one and a half metres. When I got these results I would also compare them to the two formulas I have used throughout this coursework. If I had more time I probably would have done each test five times instead of three to be more sure of reliable and accurate results. I would have also tested a wider range of lengths and then I would have been able to see if my predictions were totally correct or whether they were slightly wrong. From testing more lengths I would also have been able to find out whether the formula: , worked and also whether the formula: , gave a constant result. And just as a final thought, even though I know it would not be possible, I would like to investigate the effect that gravity would have on the time for one swing of the pendulum. I think that gravity would have an effect on the time taken for one swing of the pendulum seeing as it features in the same equation that helped me to predict that only length would effect the time taken for one swing of a simple pendulum.

Overview and Analysis of Research Methodologies

Overview and Analysis of Research Methodologies INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the research methodologies adopted for the research. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches was adopted by the researcher in order to attain a realistic result from the research. Specifically, the chapter discusses the range of methods used by the researcher for the research, research philosophy, research strategy and research methods used to gain data and data analysis. RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY Research philosophy is about the system in which the research problem should be fundamentally approached, and this includes: positivism, realism and interpretivism. (Davies, 2007) Positivism: The roots of positivism lie particularly with empiricism, which works with observable facts. The basic philosophy behind positivism is that, all factual knowledge is based on the positive information gathered from observable experience, and that any idea beyond this realm of demonstrable fact is metaphysical. Only analytic statements are allowed to be known as true, through reason alone. (Davies, 2007) Interpretivism is a view that believes that the world and reality are not objective and external, but are socially constructed and given meaning by people. This view is usually referred to as the qualitative approach and is based on an inductive procedure (Rea and Parker, 2006).(why appropriate to use) Saunders et al (2003) defines realism that is based on the belief that a reality exists that is autonomous of human thoughts and beliefs, and that can influence their perceptions either consciously or unconsciously. Management and Business research is often a mixture between positivist and interpretivist, perhaps reflecting the stance of realism. (Scheurich, 2007) The research issues will try to find out, the extent of employee involvement in the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC as a case study. What they do well or not in this regard. Thus, the research philosophy is interpretivism rather than positivism. Deciding which research method will be adopted depending on what research philosophy is adopted is relevant in a research, Rea and Parker, (2006). For positivism, a deductive process involves the development of a conceptual and theoretical standpoint prior to its testing through empirical observation while for interpretivism, it involves an inductive procedure which is the reverse of deductive process. Interpretivism involves reflecting on recent and past experiences (Davies, 2007). Realism accommodates the use of both deductive and inductive processes (Scheurich, 2007). The research philosophy for this research is interpretivism; therefore, an inductive procedure is adopted.(why is it appropriate) RESEARCH STRATEGY A research strategy is the plan for the researcher to carry out his research. The main research strategies include experiment, survey and case study etc. The chosen research strategy for this research is the case study. According to Davies, (2007), case study is the development of detailed, intensive knowledge about a single case, or a small number of related cases. The advantages of using case study include: the detailed observations surrounding the case study method, allow us to study many different parts, scrutinize them in relation to each other, view the process with its total environment and also utilize the researcher’s capacity for versatility. As a result, case study provides us with a greater prospect than other available methods to obtain a holistic view of a specific research; this is not to say that researches based on case study have no shortcomings. A common criticism of case study is that it provides a limited basis for the traditional â€Å"scientific generalisation†. (Gomm, 2009)(explain what it means and introduce your company briefly and of what benefit will it be to the organisation) DATA COLLECTION Data collection is the most crucial process in a research or study and it comprises of two types: the primary data and the secondary data (Scheurich, 2007) SECONDARY DATA (Cancell this section entirely, it is not necessary) instead put multi-method approach i.e, why have you choosen questionnaire and interview methods) expantiate with reasons in your own words According to Scheurich, (2007), secondary data is that which the author has not been responsible for gathering ‘first-hand’. It therefore includes all the data gathered by someone else and presented in a variety of forms, such as journal articles, reports, archive materials, companies annual reports, newspapers and magazines, conference papers, internet and books etc. For this research, the secondary data collection related to TQM and employee involvement in the implementation and the objectives of this research mainly come from books, journal articles and internet search. PRIMARY DATA According to Scheurich, (2007), primary data is any data which the author has obtained ‘first-hand’ from its original source as part of the ‘applied’ aspect of his research. It therefore, does not include any data previously gathered by anyone else. Hence, primary data sources include: individual enquiry in the form of observation, conversations, questionnaires, interviews etc. For this study, telephone interview and questionnaire will be used for collecting the primary data.(why is it useful and possible barriers to it in your own words opinion) QUESTIONNAIRES Questionnaires are one of the most widely used data collection strategy. It provides an efficient way of collecting responses from a large sample prior to quantitative analysis, because each respondent is asked to respond to the same set of questions. (Saunders et al, 2003). Questionnaires can be associated with both positivism and interpretivism approaches of research. The response rate, the reliability and validity of data collected are two key criteria to a good questionnaire. (Scheurich, 2007) According to Davies, (2007), three main techniques exist in exploring peoples’ opinion and attitudes. These include: Closed questions: the respondent is required to select between a limited numbers of answers. Open-ended question: the participant is allowed to use his discretion in providing any answer to the questions and it’s either written down, verbatim or the researcher is armed with a list of probable pre-determined responses. Scales: limited choice of answers has been chosen to measure an attitude, an intention or some aspect of the participant’s behaviour. The key to designing scalar questions is to decide on what should be measured and then to select the relevant attributes by which they can be rated. In this study, closed questions and scalar questionnaire will be used.(explain why you used it properly in your words opinion) Questionnaire design is important to quantitative data collection. Most of the style of the quantitative method is attitude scaling. There is an example question ‘Reward system’ below Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree I am satisfied with the organisation’s reward system 1 2 3 4 5 The advantages of choosing questionnaire method are time saving for participants and guarantee the accuracy of questionnaires, because the pattern of questions are the same .The next stage is to identify the number of sample(say how you encouraged them to do so). The questionnaire will be designed with 25 questions in four A4 papers(because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.). There are about 400 people in PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC head office in Lagos, comprising of 5 departments and the questionnaire will be distributed to 100 people who are working in different departments and holding different job positions (managers and employees). Based on the number of people working in each department, the questionnaire will be distributed in the following order: HRM department = 30 Purchasing department = 20 Product department = 15 Finance department = 10 Marketing department = 25 Before this explain the rationale behind your choosing this departments and how they were encouraged to participate) Because of the long distance, the distribution and collection of questionnaires will be e-mailed to the researcher’s friend who is equally a manager in one of the branches of PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC at IIupeju, in Lagos state. He will print 100 questionnaire copies and help the researcher to distribute and collect these questionnaires, then post to the researcher.( more on question design like objectives and questions that answers them) INTERVIEWS According to Scheurich, (2007), interviews are associated with positivist and interpretivist philosophies. This is an approach where the selected respondents are asked questions about what they do, think or feel. A positivist method suggests ‘closed questions’ which have been designed prior to distribution. An interpretivist method suggests ‘unstructured questions’, where the questions have not been designed in advance. There are five different interview styles: structured interview, semi-structured interview, focus group interview and telephone interview.(which did you choose and reason because , reason problemstec) Although the questionnaire has provided the researcher with the main data about what PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC does well or not in the involvement of employees in the implementation of TQM from the participants, the reasons and thoughts of their opinion cannot be ascertained. Thus, four telephone interviews will be utilized in this research (the CEO who is very familiar with the organization, HR manager who knows the employees needs and wants and their level of motivation in doing their job, the marketing manager who well know marketing and front- line employees, Product manager who well knows about quality of their products and back-line employees). The purpose of the interview is to find out what is, in the mind of the interviewee that cannot be known directly (Scheurich, 2007). The interview method is a very good complement to the questionnaire. Telephone interview allows interviews sometimes with individuals otherwise not accessible because of one reason or the other. It therefore involves speed, access and lower cost. There are also disadvantages with interview method for qualitative data. This particularly relates to the complexity in establishing the needed trust, usually so important for obtaining this type of data (Davies, 2007). However, in this research, the researcher is quite familiar with these interviewees, so this eliminates the problem associated with trust when interviewing people over the phone. The findings from above analysis will be linked to theories and opinions with the intention of drawing a conclusion and making adequate recommendation. data requirement table with how each objective each objective is been meant ie.like the one you did befor but put obj I : question so and so 1 ,7 ,8,23) (what questions dis you ask and why ,link to objectives) and refer to interview schedule appendix that you have prepared and refer to them) SAMPLING Whatever your research questions and objectives, you will need to collect data to answer them. If you collect and analyse data from every possible case or group, it is referred to as census, but for many research questions and objectives, it will be impossible for the researcher ,either to collect or analyse all the available data, owing to restrictions of time, money and often access (Saunders et al, 2003). According to Saunders et al,( 2003), sampling technique provide a wide range of methods that enable the researcher to minimize amount of data the researcher need to collect, by considering only data from a subgroup, rather than all possible cases or elements, and which can be categorised into two broad groups of probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Probability samples, are notable by the fact that each population element has a known, non zero chance of being selected in the sample, but with non-probability samples, the reverse is the case, where there is no way of estimating the probability that any population element will be included in the sample, and thus, there is no way of ensuring that the sample is representative of the population. This study will be based on non- probability sampling because the sample size is not critical. The size of the interview is 4 persons, and for the questionnaire, it is 100. The choice of interviews within the sample will be based on managers holding different job positions in the organisation and whose ability to contribute meaningfully to the topic under research is not in doubt. DATA ANALYSIS Quantitative data analysis can be categorized into two types: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics deals with quantitative data that are summarised or displayed in the form of charts, tables, percentages and averages. This type of statistical method is commonly used in management research for analysing data obtained from investigations of a limited nature (Davies, 2007) Inferential statistics may involve the application of descriptive statistics, but have the main aim of drawing results from the data with regard to a theory, model or body of knowledge. Also, this frequently involves reaching a conclusion from a ‘sample’ to generalize to the ‘total population’. This type of statistical method is therefore important to those whose research undertaking is based on positivism (Davies, 2007) The research philosophy for this research is interpretivism, thus, an inductive process is adopted. Therefore, the descriptive statistics is adopted in this study, because the questionnaires are to be collected from limited respondents and using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) or Excel to analyse the data. A percentage table will clearly show the results of the same sort of questions. Take sample question as an example Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Reward system n=100 1 1% 3 3% 7 7% 64 64% 25 25% From the above table, it can be seen that most of the employees at PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC are not satisfied with the reward system in place in the organisation, thus, the organisation is not doing well in this aspect to motivate employees to put in their best, in the implementation of TQM strategy.(how did you you analyse the qualitative data like†¦giving iterpterations to what was said duing the interview session†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. and quantitative data Ms excel (reason and why talk more please) LIMITATIONS The results from 4 interviews and 100 participants in PZ Industries (NIG.) PLC may not be representative of what would be found in the larger number of employees. The people invited to take part in the questionnaire, may influence the outcome, because some respondents may respond in a way that the organisation want them to respond, rather than giving their genuine opinion, because of fear of repercussions. The researcher would have preferred to interview more of the employees at PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC by himself, instead of relying on the marketing manager and product manager to give the opinion of front-line employees and back-line employees respectively during the interview, but this was not possible because of distance problem. Sample distribution was also limited by distance; the researcher could not personally distribute and collect the questionnaires, so, maybe respondents to the questionnaire at PZ Industries (NIG.)PLC may not cover all departments as intended. (ETHIC CONSIDERATIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..ONE OR FOUR PARAGRAPHS) EXAMPLE : SPEAK ON CONFIDENTIALITY AND GIVE REASON MAYBE TO REASSURE THEM ETC AND LOOK FOR OTHER REASON YOU CONSIDERED LIKE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦THEN GIVE REASON †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.LOOK AT APPENDIX 1) *** Generally ,put every thing in past tense as if you have done it) ****(your data anlysis should be change to findings and conclusions as chapter four as in the paper she gave you in discussion @ office) **** conclusions and recommendations as chapter 5 *** write an action plan and reflective statement(5 pages of refective statement) like u did with hrm in context despite u telling them u don’t need cipd , she said it’s a requirement) (multi method approach) Multiple Methods in ASR by Jerry A. Jacobs, Editor, American Sociological Review In recent years, the American Sociological Review (ASR) has featured papers based exclusively on ethnographic research (e.g., Timmermans, 2005), interview data (e.g., Tyson et al., 2005), and sociological theory (e.g., Frickel and Gross, 2005). However, a series of papers that combine different types of data and approaches in the same study are especially noteworthy. One quarter of the papers I have accepted for publication in ASR since becoming editor in 2003 draw on more than one research method. This brief essay highlights some of the ways that authors have employed such multi-method1 research to provide a more informative account of the social world. Interviews and Surveys Several authors of ASR papers have conducted interviews in order to refine the questions employed in a subsequent statistical analysis. In this approach, the qualitative investigation helps to clarify the nature of the issues under investigation, but the â€Å"real proof† is presented in the statistical analysis. For example, Benson and Saguy (2005) interviewed 150 journalists, politicians, activists, and academics in their study of the media coverage of social problems in the United States and France. However, the empirical heart of their article was a statistical analysis of 750 articles on immigration and 685 articles on sexual harassment in these two countries. Similarly, Uzzi and Lancaster (2004) conducted in-depth interviews with a small number of lawyers and clients before embarking on a study of social ties and pricing patterns in large U.S. law firms. Qualitative data play a more central role in the research of Cherlin and his colleagues (2004) on abuse in families. After conducting a survey of more than 2,000 families, Cherlin et al. followed up on 256 of these families with a series of repeated, open-ended interviews over a period of 12-18 months. They found that reports of abuse surfaced increasingly as respondents came to know the researchers over this extended series of interviews. Thus, in this study, qualitative data played a key role in obtaining a more complete and accurate measurement of the phenomenon under investigation. Qualitative data are also sometimes used to help clarify the meaning of the responses to survey questions and to better understand the social processes that might produce broad outcome patterns. For example, Edgell (forthcoming) and colleagues interviewed respondents in four cities to follow up their national survey of attitudes toward atheists. The qualitative data helped establish that attitudes toward atheists are not generally the result of face-to-face encounters but rather represent a symbolic affirmation of the role of religion and skepticism about the moral standing of those who would reject a role for religion in their lives. Similarly, Giordano and colleagues (forthcoming) conducted a survey of more than 1,000 adolescents and then asked more detailed, open-ended questions of a subset of 100 respondents. They drew conclusions about gender differences in confidence, engagement, and power from both types of data. Multiple Quantitative Approaches Multi-method studies are not limited to the blending of qualitative and quantitative research but can also appear in the artful combination of different quantitative methods in the same study. Pager and Quillian (2005), for example, combined a social experiment with a follow-up survey in their study of racial discrimination in hiring practices. The first portion of their study uses an â€Å"audit† methodology, sending â€Å"testers† to apply for jobs at various employers who had advertised positions. This experiment is designed to compare the success of Black and White applicants who are portrayed (fictitiously) as having or not having criminal records. Pager and Quillian returned to the same employers six months later to conduct a survey of the employer’s attitudes about hiring different types of employees. In addition to uncovering discrepancies between employers’ deeds versus words, this follow-up survey allowed a comparison of the insights that can be gained from survey versus experiment. In another case, You and Khagram (2005) combined aggregate national data (i.e., one data point per country) with a multi-level statistical analysis of survey data from 30 countries. They used the survey data to bolster their claim that countries with more inequality have more corruption because there is a higher normative acceptance of corruption in countries characterized by higher levels of inequality. Historical Analyses Historical studies often combine various types of data. For example, Somers and Block (2005) principally examined historical documents in their investigation of welfare reform in Great Britain in the 1830s and the United States in the 1990s. They supplement this qualitative analysis of political texts with a statistical portrait of welfare expenditures before and after reform in both countries. Similarly, Riley (2005) draws on archival, statistical, and spatial data in his study of the connection between civil society and the rise of fascism in Italy and Spain. Wilde’s (2004) study of the success of the reform movement during Vatican II is primarily a qualitative analysis of archival documents, but her summary of the vote counts is an indispensable element in her story. Molnar’s (2005) study of debates among Hungarian architects drew on interview data as well as historical documents and supporting statistics. The 1950s time period she studied is recent enough that parti cipants were still alive and available for interviews. Schwartz and Schuman’s (2005) paper, â€Å"History, Commemoration and Belief,† draws from an especially broad range of sources. They show that while the reputation of President Lincoln as a great leader has remained strong, the basis for this belief has shifted from Lincoln as the â€Å"savior of the union† before the Civil Rights movement to Lincoln as the â€Å"great emancipator† since that time. They support this claim using data from surveys conducted over a 50-year period, as well as analyses of history textbooks, the writings of leading historians, and cultural symbols such as statues and memorials. Their theoretical point is that the study of commemoration as portrayed in statues and celebrated in parades should be accompanied by research on how these commemorative activities are received, as tapped by surveys and other measures of popular beliefs. Thus, in their view, a complete assessment of issues of collective memory requires multiple sources of data. Obstacles While multi-method research can be a fruitful research strategy, this approach is neither necessary nor sufficient for completing a high-quality study. Designing, collecting, and analyzing data from across diverse methodological styles is often only possible under the aegis of a large research project. Dissertation writers, for example, may wish to combine methods but may lack the time and money to complete each facet of the study effectively. Many seasoned investigators also face obstacles that put this strategy out of reach. Moreover, the presentation of different types of data in a single article presents its own challenges. For example, space constraints may prevent the full presentation of qualitative findings. It can be difficult to achieve a substantive and stylistic balance between diverse genres of research. And sometimes different sorts of data speak to somewhat different issues. In short, multi-method papers present their own challenges and thus require at least as much skill and insight to be effective as do single-method studies. Many sociologists view the social world as a multi-faceted and multi-layered reality that reveals itself only in part with any single method. While there are precedents for most if not all of the approaches described above, their use by so many scholars is striking. Multi-method research is more common in the context of journal articles than was the case a decade or two ago. It is also significant that so many sociologists are combining methods rather than trying to herald a single approach as the right way or the best way. Notes 1 I use â€Å"multiple-method research† to refer to studies that draw on data from more than one source and present more than one type of analysis. Such research often, but not always, combines quantitative and qualitative data.Hierarchical linear models typically draw on data from different sources but combine them in a single statistical analysis. Studies that exclusively rely on this very useful method would not qualify as multi-method. Of the 66 papers I have accepted for publication thus far, nearly 26 percent (17) fit my multi-method definition. References Benson, Rodney and Abigail C. Saguy. 2005. â€Å"Constructing Social Problems in an Age of Globalization: A French-American Comparison.† American Sociological Review 70(2):233-259. Cherlin, Andrew J., Linda M. Burton, Tera R. Hurt, and Diane M. Purvin. 2004. â€Å"The Influence of Physical and Sexual Abuse on Marriage and Cohabitation.† American Sociological Review 69(6):768-789. Edgell, Penny, Joseph Gerteis, and Douglas Hartmann. Forthcoming. â€Å"Atheists as ‘Other’: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society.† American Sociological Review. Frickel, Scott and Neil Gross. 2005. â€Å"A General Theory of Scientific/Intellectual Movements.† American Sociological Review 70(2):204-232. Giordano, Peggy, Monica A. Longmore, and Wendy D. Manning. Forthcoming. â€Å"Gender and the Meaning(s) of Adolescent Romantic Relationships: A Focus on Boys.† American Sociological Review. Molnar, Virag. 2005. â€Å"Cultural Politics and Modernist Architecture.† American Sociological Review 70(1):111-135. Pager, Devah and Lincoln Quillian. 2005 â€Å"Walking the Talk? What Employers Say Versus What They Do.† American Sociological Review 70(3):355-380. Riley, Dylan. 2005. â€Å"Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective.† American Sociological Review 70(2):288-310. Schwartz, Barry and Howard Schuman. 2005. â€Å"History, Commemoration, and Belief: Abraham Lincoln in American Memory, 1945-2001.† American Sociological Review 70(2):183-203. Somers, Margaret and Fred Block. 2005. â€Å"From Poverty to Perversity: Ideas, Markets, and Institutions over 200 Years of Welfare Debate.† American Sociological Review 70(2):260-287. Timmermans, Stefan. 2005. â€Å"Suicide Determination and the Professional Authority of Medical Examiners.† American Sociological Review 70(2):311-333. Tyson, Karolyn, William Darity Jr., and Domini Castellino. 2005. â€Å"It’s Not a Black Thing: Understanding the Burden of Acting White and Other Dilemmas of High Achievement.† American Sociological Review 70(4):582-605. Uzzi, Brian and Ryon Lancaster. 2004. â€Å"Embeddedness and Price Formation in the Corporate Law Market.† American Sociological Review 69(3):319-344. Wilde, Melissa. 2004. â€Å"How Culture Mattered at Vatican II: Collegiality Trumps Authority in the Council’s Social Movement Organizations.† American Sociological Review 69(4):576-602. American Sociological Review 70(1):136-157. (ANOTHER ARTICLE) THE POTENTIAL AND THE PROBLEM An extraordinary surge in the methodological diversity of clinical research studies has occurred during the past 2 decades, with a recent dramatic rise in the scope and sophistication of mixed methods designs.1,2 Mixed methods (also known as multimethod) research involves integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches to generating new knowledge3 and can involve either concurrent or sequential use of these 2 classes of methods to follow a line of inquiry.4,5 Combining methods activates their complementary strengths and helps to overcome their discrete weaknesses.6 Increasingly, integrated mixed methods designs allow researchers to follow emerging questions, rather than limiting their research to questions that are amenable to a particular method.7 Multimethod research brings together numbers and narratives, description, hypothesis testing, hypothesis generation, and understanding of meaning and context to provide fuller discernment and greater transportability of the phenomenon under study. In the past, proponents of quantitative and qualitative methods have been divided into separate camps with different skills and world views.8 The benefits of integrating these methods, however, are increasingly recognized and acted on in the medical and health care arena,1,2,6 as they have been for a longer time in the ethnographic tradition from anthropology and the case study tradition from educational research.7,9 Among many examples, a 1999 National Institutes of Health task force issued guidelines for rigorous qualitative and multimethod research.10 Two years ago, the (US) National Cancer Institute hosted a conference on mixed methods research that identified multimethod research as an important approach to solving some of the most intractable problems in cancer control research. An article by the Medical Research Council on the design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health11 identified the use of mixed methods as essential. Even so, the dramatic advances in the scope and sophistication of conducting mixed methods research have not been met with parallel progress in ways of disseminating the results of mixed methods studies. From our point of view, a major dilemma is that the results of multimethod studies often are segregated in different publications that reach limited and often nonclinical audiences. For example, Wilson and colleagues12 reported in JAMA on the ineffectiveness of nicotine gum in smoking cessation, while in Social Science and Medicine, Willms13 reported qualitative findings from the same study that the meaning patients attributed to their cigarettes was more influential in stopping smoking than either counseling or nicotine gum. Both articles have important messages, but the JAMA article does not reference the other, and they are published in journals with very different readers. Thus, different fields only come to know part of the research—reminiscent of the story of the 4 blind men each feeling a different part of the elephant and thus unable to develop a coherent idea of the whole. REFERENCES Davies, M., B., (2007) Key Concepts in Social Research Methods, New York, Palgrave, Macmillan LTD Gomm, R., (2009) Doing a Successful Research Project, New York, Palgrave, Macmillan LTD Rea, L., M., and Parker, R., A., (2006) Designing and Conducting Survey Research, San Francisco, Jossy-Bass Saunders, M., Thornhill, A., and Lewis, P., (2003) Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd edition, London, Pearson Education LTD Scheurich, J., J., (2007) Research Methods in the Postmodern, London, Falmer Press

Gender Representation in Advertising Essay -- Marketing Gender Role

Gender Representation in Advertising The roles of males and females in society have significantly changed, as opposed to the predominant roles in our history. In the modern culture of today, women have begun to break out of the mold that which society has placed her in. This much can’t be said when it comes to modern gender representation in mass media advertising. It can be safe to state that woman are seen as sexual, fragile, exotic—whereas men are portrayed as tough, in control, and aggressive. This trend can be one seen as an inhibitor to the advancement of our culture, because especially for women, it is hard to pull away from the stereotypes that are continuously represented. As examples of the given trend, the following images help to reinforce. As an advertisement for Michael Kors apparel, the first image immediately gives off a sexual energy. The model is presented in a very suggestive pose, with her bare legs spread apart, only wearing a long sleeved tunic. The message to the viewing public is clear—these are the kind of woman that wear this apparel, and if you wish to look like her, buy Michael Kors. As a re-iteration of presented thesis, sexuality and a woman’s body image is manifested throughout the ad. The physical beauty of this individual is the central focus. The following image continues in the line of sex appeal with a makeup ad. A bold caption reads â€Å"Eye Candy†, with the model in a very suggestive position and expression. A question that comes to mind when viewing this image is—who is this ad really geared towards? It would be assumed that a makeup ad would be created to attract females, so why would it need to be sexual? What this ad really attracts is the male eye, and woman realiz... ...wage gap of 77%, with females only making on average of 77% what a male makes. On the other hand, the number of women-owned firms in the United States has doubled in number from 1987 to 1999, according to a study by the National Foundation for Women Business Owners, which is a positive aspect. In light of all this, I believe that if advertisers tried something new by not using sexuality to sell a product, it might turn over a whole new leaf. Works Cited â€Å"U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.† Infoplease. © 2000–2006 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 27 Oct. 2006 . Gettings, John, David Johnson, Borgna Brunner, and Chris Frantz. â€Å"Wonder Women Profiles of leading female CEOs and business executives† Infoplease.  © 2000–2006 27

Capital Punishment Essay: Hypocrisy of the Death Penalty

The Hypocrisy of the Death Penalty If there is a desire by the American people to maintain the death penalty, let us at least be spared the hypocrisy of a justification by example.   The death penalty is a penalty, to be sure, a frightful torture, both physical and moral, but it provides no sure example except a demoralizing one. It punishes, but it forestalls nothing; indeed, it may even arouse the impulse to murder. It hardly seems to exist, except for the man who suffers it-- in his soul for months and years, in his body during the desperate and violent hour when he is cut in two without suppressing his life. Let us call it by the name which, for lack of any other nobility, will at least give the nobility of truth, and let us recognize it for what it is essentially: a revenge. A punishment that penalizes without forestalling is indeed called revenge. It is a quasi-arithmetical reply made by society to whoever breaks its primordial law. That reply is as old as man; it is called the law of retaliation. Whoever has done me harm must suffer harm; whoever has put out my eye m...

Bilbo :: essays research papers

Magic in the Making The main character of the book is Mr. Bilbo Baggins. He is the hobbit who led the dwarves to the Lonely Mountain to reclaim their treasure from the dragon named Smaug. Bilbo is middle aged and resides in a clean, warm burrow dug into the side of a hill. In the beginning of the story Bilbo is a very weak character. He is easily frightened, and very shy. One of his strengths though, is that he is of the mythical race called hobbits. Hobbits are known for their skills in thievery and spying. There are several main characteristics of hobbits that separate them from normal humans. One, hobbits are very small. They only grow to reach the height of about three feet if they are lucky. Secondly, they have large feet that are covered at the tops by thick hair. This hair is used to keep the hobbit’s feet warm because they do not wear boots. Another characteristic of hobbits is that they normally don’t wish for any excitement or adventure. They thrive on repetition and dull activities such as gardening. Hobbits also love to eat. Bilbo’s favorite foods are: cake, bacon, sausage, eggs, wine, bread and any other fattening things that can be thought of. Some other important characters are as follows: Gandalf, he is the wizard that accompanies Bilbo and the dwarves on their quest; Thorin Oakenshield is son of the king of the dwarves who were driven from the Lonely Mountain. Smaug is the dragon of the Lonely Mountain who hoards the treasure he stole. Gollum is a slimy creature that was born a Hobbit but had the ring too long; this is the character that Bilbo steals the ring from. Bard is the archer that kills Smaug. Bilbo is the main character of the story and also the narrator. The main conflict of the story line is Bilbo versus himself. Bilbo has to overcome his fears of dragons and other creatures in order to carry out his part of the mission. Another conflict is the whole party vs. Smaug. The party of dwarves along with Bilbo and Gandalf, have to be able to destroy the dragon in order to claim their so deserved treasure. Bilbo completes this task by finding the dragon’s weak spot and relaying the location to an archer in Lake Town. Both of these conflicts are won by the end of the story.

Build Your Future Today

Build Your Future Today Introduction If I were to ask you, â€Å"What is the next major decision you need to make in your life, what would it be? † Perhaps you'll be looking at your next investment proposal. Or perhaps you are thinking about how to celebrate your next wedding anniversary with your spouse. Or perhaps, you're trying to decide whether or not you will Join our Toastmasters club today.Madam Toastmasters, my fellow Toastmasters, dignitaries, and our most honored guests, to help you decide tonight, not only will you get an overview of our Toastmasters program, you will also walk away with some of the tips and techniques I learned from more experienced Toastmasters. Speaking Off the Cuff First of all, take a look again at the agenda. You will notice how there are three parts to every Toastmasters meeting: Table Topics, Prepared Speeches, and then Evaluations. For Table Topics, the purpose is to help you think on your feet by responding too question you didn't prepare for, within 1-2 minutes.Why? Think about Job interviews. By keeping your responses short and concise, I think you're much more likely to establish rapport with your interviewers. I still remember how I recently had 4 Job promotion interviews. One of the questions they all asked was â€Å"tell us about software programs you are familiar with and how you used it for work. † I answered the question! I gave them a list of examples and connected them with work examples. Unfortunately, it came off like a typical laundry list. Boring, forgettable, and â€Å"toss salad†. Not surprisingly, I was O for 4 in getting my rumination.Then, in my 5th promotion interview, when I got the same question, I twisted the question. Instead of making the same mistake again, I actually asked, â€Å"What are the challenges for your unit? † Then, after listening patiently to their challenges, I was able to make everything I said relevant for their unit. For instance, I addressed how I coul d help them produce memos and proofread documents. Also, impromptu speaking can help improve your interpersonal communication skills. Consider your conversations with your friends and family.Are you likely to deliver 5-7 minute speeches? I hope not. As you can see, the ability to think on your feet is extremely valuable for reaching your professional and personal goals. Delivering Winning Presentations In addition to improving your impromptu speaking, you will learn how to deliver winning presentations. By working through the Competent Communication manual, you can improve many different aspects of public speaking, such as speech organization, body language, and vocal variety. Many people have difficulty coming up with material to talk about.Just pick topics you are familiar with. For example, I three chunks, each lasting from 5-7 minutes. Then, when I need to deliver the actual presentation, I feel much more confident. You can do the same. Take material you know you'll be presentin g in the real-world and practice it here at Toastmasters. Evaluations After you're done with presentations, you need feedback to keep improving. This is where evaluations come into play. When I first started out in Toastmasters, the hardest roles were Speech Evaluator and General Evaluator.I remembered how my ere first speech evaluation was for our Distinguished Toastmaster, Ron Dowel. My hands were shaking as I brought my notes and his manual to the podium. My voice was shaking too: â€Å"Great†¦ Gestures, great†¦ Volume, great†¦ Content. † Seriously, I didn't know how to evaluate an experienced speaker. As I gained more experience, this process became easier. Now you may be wondering, â€Å"Why does a giving effective speech evaluation matter to me? † Consider how you need to evaluate other people's ideas every day. Perhaps you need to evaluate ideas from your colleagues.Or perhaps you need to evaluate ideas from your family and friends. How to critiqu e their ideas without offending them? How to make your suggestions more useful and memorable? You can practice to master this invaluable skill here in Toastmasters. Conclusion As you can see, Toastmasters can help you improve your impromptu speaking, presentation skills, and evaluation skills. By investing Just $36 for every 6 months, you can change your life. Make the right decision by Joining Toastmasters today, because your future depends on it.

Walt Disney World

Case choose Walt Disney b tout ensemble in all enquire 1 com be sicke competing attractions, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sea land and Universal Studios, let d stimulate their monetary values of adminission. How should WDW respond? The resultant role of competitive expenditure is close to the fork out and motivation one. As long as people unbidden to pay any(prenominal) the wrong poses set, curiously WDW, wherefore would they assortment? WDW provides such a high- lumber allow for than it is impossible to turn away his outlays it could try to reserve them steady. Even if the political party decides to bring low prices, it should do it in a signifi andtockst federal agency in lay out to attract to a greater extent than guests.For instance a $5 decrease in the price of admission would irritate any study wobbles. They would probably be assume to drop price below their competitors to construct true gain. Besides, from a branding deliver question, inflicting prices sends a mixed meaning to consumers (adults with buying power) indeed in clients mind, it would level al aroundthing goes wrong. actually the price is an indispensable wear of debaucheds localizationing and it would be difficult for WDW to position itself as the premiere matter park with lower prices than competitors it is too un- strategical to re-position.WDW outline has non to do with the credo cheapest always fill on. The corporation has to tend on preeminence and wield playing its calculateership fix it means devising your production peculiar in almost ways to save your competitiveness. The future(a) separate encompass with all WDW differentiation denominateors. WDW singularity criteria -Marketing WDW propose a complete take awayer for adults and/or children (families). The class of this entreat ( approximately(prenominal) prow put such as EPCOT or Animal Kingdom, opposite activities such as golf or wildlife, several h ostels and prices segments) makes guests adequate to customize their vacations.WDW provides multi-experience. -Communication the firm must(prenominal) bear on using a multi-channel and multi-media schema to cattle ranch its merchandising messages including as many unused technologies as possible. -Innovation & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Ideas generation WDW must preserve theenvironnement for encouraging conficts it pissd through its meetings toll Show, Chargonttes with architects and theme park intentioners, Movie victimization meetings. Common good thought & international ampere see This is the practical office of WDW uniqueness because necessity to test ideas, peculiarly from a financial and financial point of take up. and so ood ideas pauperization beat that is the fence why WDW seminal puzzle out goes against lively actions and audience research. -Creativity As M. Eisner said in concert conflict & common wizard yield creative thinking. We backs ide gibe that WDW culture of motley and fun show part in the creative subroutine diverse point of views and individualism lead to frictions, conflicts, debates that atomic estimate 18 essential to get owing(p) solutions. -Facilities and Employees in pull downts, WDW employees make dont, well-trained and friendly. That is a crucially all- burning(prenominal)(a) factor because most of them argon at once in interlocutor with customers.No need to apologise how essential the sense of contact is in stemma. Furthermore, all the attractions in theme park ar solely safe all the facilities (hostels, restaurants included) ar clean, think individually opposite (monorail, boats) and electrically connected.. We punctuate also that WDW is technologically competent it is a leader in product education, equipments radiation diagram and principal(prenominal)tenance, industrial engineeringfor instance WDW design and mete out absolutely attractions waiting lines customers ar e sensitive astir(predicate) the metre they have to use rides. each these aspects are open for customers Branding role all the anterior criteria are parts of the branding experience WDW brand is the numerate of thousands and thousands small actions (pointillist motion-picture show). In situation Mickey and Disney characters, the move are the symbolisation that contains all the stories the lodge created, the dreams and thoughts it suggest to children. therefore, if competitors lower their prices, WDW should not change its prices and by the aforementioned(prenominal) time keep guarding its brand public treasury all the strategic decisions in particular for marketing WDW messages should be pore on the quality of the product. hesitancy 2 How quarter WDW utilize customer culture remediate to increase its good deal of business? stolon and foremost, we should have in mind the circumstance forecasts when we deal with customer breeding bring inics. Indeed WDW, refer qualified to his forecasts section, accumulates learning on consumers attendance entirely also consumers mien. every the former(a) departments of the firm ( give care labor movement Management, Maintenance, Finance, Park stalk origination) have get to to this precious information which will be used for a set of guidance decisions to increase volumes and profits.That information can be predicted daily, weekly, periodical or for several courses (till five years). In order to understand how customer information is utilized, a typeface at the presage process is requisite 1- What are the data sources? There are 3 briny sources -The guests in theme parks, hostels, restaurantsthis is the more channelise source. -The employees. For this category we could word that it has nothing to do with consumer information. real it has for at to the lowest degree cardinal reasons premier(prenominal) employees can be directly in contact with guests and their recommendations are p recious second we could debate each employee as a consumer into the firm and mend their working environnement leads to amend final customer satisfaction. The travel industriousness professionals because they have their own data bases. 2- How WDW get them? Through surveys (questionnaires, interviews, centralise group techniques). all kind of topics could be dealt with moreover the two most important are customers experiences future day Travel Plan. 3- How WDW process these data? give thanks to such models as judgmental, economic, moving-average models, regression compendium, monthly forecasting mode. all(prenominal) model carry on into grade a certain come up of variables like revenue domestic product, cross-exchange rate, airline specials 4- Forecasts This is a major(ip) step in the decision- making process. All these consumer information and their analysis by models alter WDW to forecast consumer port (attendance in particular). and so WDW can manage demand pickin gs proper decisions around the capacity supplying, the number of required employees, the due quantity of food and beverageQuestion 3 What weaknesses or limitations do you see in WDW strategy? Ops Strat s WDW strategy is coherente but we can observe some accurate failures especially in operations strategy. Lets remind the operations process exemplar and colour in blue the item failing palm Product formula Process Design Location/ Layout Cap. planning/Forecasts Work governance Operations exertion Of carry separate fields like merchandising or Facilities development are have-to doe with. In the following paragraphs we focused on all of those blackness points. Prices of admissionFirstly, we can put forward the fact that WDW does not compete on prices (especially price of admission). From a attitude point of view it is logical WDW is a leader in entertainment effort and bet on quality, innovation and uniqueness. besides in time of global economic crisis, customers may n eed a lower cost product and there are serious competitors able to propose such offer Sea World, Universal StudiosOf course children are attracted by WDW and can convince relatives but the final decision remains to adults who get the purchasing power. Hotel development strategyThen we should set the expanding strategy for WDW hostels it does not deal with fiddling term demands. spacious term demand is not so much current when economy is disrupted. Thus Disney occupancy rates above 90% much of the year which is not able anymore. Synergies & governing -Another point is the fact that WDW meet some difficulties to create synergies because of its top management. It is a enigma of power complex body part, organization, authority delegation and culture. Actually the main caper could be that it is hard to deputy autonomy, to create authority among the group. We should notice that the hierarchy reorganization tends to create duplications (cf example of a person foot race mo vies in Italy account to two executives) several hierarchical levels are added. Actually WDW is a hybrid structure it is in time of mutation or transition.Profits & losings WDW experienced losings in home-video profit because of strategic decisions that elongate the release bout for certain light movie classics. It could be a conundrum of product development (cf The product maturation Funnel and especially Products Design step) or process engineering. The consumer products department also knew difficulties. Actually it is a consider of merchandising, especially concerning licensed-characters. This problem deals directly with consumer behavior (in-store purchases, on-line purchases). -Concerning the synergistic media division, Disney experienced ample losses (source Disney fiscal Year Results). Actually the group invested in self-published video games (video games that are published by their author) and it ineluctably more times to be profitable. -It goes the same for profits (Go. com, Disney. com, ESPN. com).It is s a crucial business field but investments cost a lot. To conclude we could delineate WDW weaknesses and limitations as principally cyclical strategic problems . They are not structural even though it could deal with the organization (organization chart) and we can afford to distinguish that those difficulties are temporary. The tho structural change that has affected deeply the company concerned consumers attitude. Disney still knows how to shot people off their feet, better than anyone else but the corporation needs to take into account new habits and expectations.Walt Disney WorldCase Study Walt Disney World Question 1 Suppose competing attractions, such as Sea World and Universal Studios, lower their prices of adminission. How should WDW respond? The issue of competitive price is close to the supply and demand one. As long as people willing to pay whatever the price parks set, especially WDW, why would they change? WDW provid es such a high-quality offer than it is impossible to lower his prices it could try to keep them steady. Even if the company decides to lower prices, it should do it in a significant way in order to attract more customers.For instance a $5 reduction in the price of admission would provoke any major changes. They would probably have to drop price below their competitors to make true gain. Besides, from a branding stand point, lowering prices sends a mixed message to consumers (adults with purchasing power) indeed in customers mind, it would signal something goes wrong. Actually the price is an essential part of firms positioning and it would be difficult for WDW to position itself as the premiere theme park with lower prices than competitors it is also un-strategic to re-position.WDW strategy has not to do with the credo cheapest always win. The corporation has to play on differentiation and keep playing its leadership positioning it means making your product unique in some ways to maintain your competitiveness. The following paragraph deal with all WDW differentiation factors. WDW uniqueness criteria -Marketing WDW propose a complete offer for adults and/or children (families). The variety of this offer (several theme parks such as EPCOT or Animal Kingdom, other activities such as golf or wildlife, several hostels and prices segments) makes customers able to customize their vacations.WDW provides multi-experience. -Communication the firm must keep using a multi-channel and multi-media strategy to spread its marketing messages including as many new technologies as possible. -Innovation & Ideas generation WDW must preserve theenvironnement for supportive conficts it created through its meetings Gong Show, Charettes with architects and theme park designers, Movie Development meetings. Common sense & Discipline This is the practical part of WDW uniqueness because necessary to test ideas, especially from a fiscal and financial point of view. Indeed ood idea s need time that is the reason why WDW creative process goes against quick actions and audience research. -Creativity As M. Eisner said Together conflict & common sense yield creativity. We can add that WDW culture of diversity and fun take parts in the creative process diverse point of views and individualism lead to frictions, conflicts, debates that are essential to get great solutions. -Facilities and Employees in facts, WDW employees competent, well-trained and friendly. That is a crucially important factor because most of them are directly in contact with customers.No need to justify how essential the sense of contact is in business. Furthermore, all the attractions in theme parks are totally safe all the facilities (hostels, restaurants included) are clean, linked each other (monorail, boats) and electrically connected.. We notice also that WDW is technologically competent it is a leader in product development, equipments design and maintenance, industrial engineeringfor i nstance WDW design and manage perfectly attractions waiting lines customers are sensitive about the time they have to use rides. All these aspects are visible for customers Branding Image all the previous criteria are parts of the branding image WDW brand is the amount of thousands and thousands small actions (pointillist painting). In particular Mickey and Disney characters, the castle are the symbol that contains all the stories the company created, the dreams and thoughts it suggest to children. Thus, if competitors lower their prices, WDW should not change its prices and by the same time keep guarding its brand trough all the strategic decisions especially for marketing WDW messages should be focused on the quality of the product.Question 2 How can WDW utilize customer information better to increase its volume of business? First and foremost, we should have in mind the term forecasts when we deal with customer information topics. Indeed WDW, due to his forecasts department, accu mulates data on consumers attendance but also consumers behavior. All the other departments of the firm (like Labor Management, Maintenance, Finance, Park Theme Design) have access to this precious information which will be used for a set of management decisions to increase volumes and profits.That information can be predicted daily, weekly, monthly or for several years (till five years). In order to understand how customer information is utilized, a look at the forecasting process is necessary 1- What are the data sources? There are 3 main sources -The guests in theme parks, hostels, restaurantsthis is the more direct source. -The employees. For this category we could say that it has nothing to do with consumer information.Actually it has for at least two reasons first employees can be directly in contact with guests and their recommendations are precious secondly we could see each employee as a consumer into the firm and improve their working environnement leads to improve final c ustomer satisfaction. The travel industry professionals because they have their own data bases. 2- How WDW get them? Through surveys (questionnaires, interviews, focus group techniques). All kind of topics could be dealt with but the two most important are customers experiences future Travel Plan. 3- How WDW process these data?Thanks to such models as judgmental, economic, moving-average models, regression analysis, monthly forecasting mode. Each model take into account a certain number of variables like gross domestic product, cross-exchange rates, airline specials 4- Forecasts This is a major step in the decision- making process. All these consumer information and their analysis by models enable WDW to forecast consumer behavior (attendance in particular). Thus WDW can manage demand taking proper decisions about the capacity planning, the number of required employees, the due quantity of food and beverageQuestion 3 What weaknesses or limitations do you see in WDW strategy? Ops St rat s WDW strategy is coherente but we can observe some accurate failures especially in operations strategy. Lets remind the operations process framework and colour in blue the specific failing fields Product Design Process Design Location/ Layout Cap. planning/Forecasts Work Organization Operations execution Of course other fields like merchandising or Facilities development are concerned. In the following paragraphs we focused on all of those black points. Prices of admissionFirstly, we can put forward the fact that WDW does not compete on prices (especially price of admission). From a positioning point of view it is logical WDW is a leader in entertainment industry and bet on quality, innovation and uniqueness. But in time of global economical crisis, customers may desire a lower cost product and there are serious competitors able to propose such offer Sea World, Universal StudiosOf course children are attracted by WDW and can convinced relatives but the final decision remains to adults who get the purchasing power. Hotel development strategyThen we should notice the expanding strategy for WDW hostels it does not deal with short term demands. Long term demand is not so much reliable when economy is disrupted. Thus Disney occupancy rates above 90% much of the year which is not sufficient anymore. Synergies & organization -Another point is the fact that WDW meet some difficulties to create synergies because of its top management. It is a problem of hierarchy, organization, authority delegation and culture. Actually the main problem could be that it is hard to delegate autonomy, to create empowerment among the group. We should notice that the hierarchy reorganization tends to create duplications (cf example of a person running movies in Italy reporting to two executives) several hierarchical levels are added. Actually WDW is a hybrid structure it is in time of mutation or transition.Profits & Losses WDW experienced losses in home-video earnings because of strategic decisions that lengthen the release cycle for certain animated movie classics. It could be a problem of product development (cf The product Development Funnel and especially Products Design step) or process engineering. The consumer products department also knew difficulties. Actually it is a matter of merchandising, especially concerning licensed-characters. This problem deals directly with consumer behavior (in-store purchases, on-line purchases). -Concerning the Interactive media division, Disney experienced huge losses (source Disney Fiscal Year Results). Actually the group invested in self-published video games (video games that are published by their author) and it needs more times to be profitable. -It goes the same for Internet (Go. com, Disney. com, ESPN. com).It is s a crucial business field but investments cost a lot. To conclude we could qualify WDW weaknesses and limitations as mainly cyclical strategic problems . They are not structural even though it coul d deal with the organization (organization chart) and we can afford to say that those difficulties are temporary. The only structural change that has affected deeply the company concerned consumers attitude. Disney still knows how to sweep people off their feet, better than anyone else but the corporation needs to take into account new habits and expectations.