The Policy Instruments And The International Monetary Fund

Consensus, general agreement among policymakers and scholars, is a difficult task to achieve; however, John Williamson in 1990 claimed that Washington based institutions such as the United States Government, think tanks, and the International Monetary Fund had formed a general consensus regarding economic development polices in Latin America (Williamson 1990). He outlined a framework and described ten policy instruments that policymakers agreed were necessary to aid developing countries. The ten reforms that he mentioned included: fiscal discipline, public expenditures focused on health, education, infrastructure, tax reform, liberalized interest rates, competitive exchange rates, free trade policies, privatization, liberalization of†¦show more content†¦However, I will maintain that the Washington Consensus is the combination of neoliberal policy preferences, which essentially is the â€Å"harnessing the power of markets† which was implemented by international finan cial institutions during the 1980s and 1990s (Birdsall 2010 pp.6 ). Additionally, to measure the success of the consensus it is proper to measure the economic growth and the poverty rates in the region of Latin America because this is the same region Williamson first noticed the Washington Consensus. In short, while the Washington Consensus may not be used in the same manner as Williamson intended it to be, the Consensus has failed to help developing economies grow — measured by GDP growth— and hasn’t reduced poverty. It is safe to say there is no longer a consensus among development policies; however, certain policy preferences and the end goal— integration in the global economy— will still be found in the next consensus regarding economic development (Nankani 2005 pp. xii). Additionally, from a theoretical level, the Consensus has failed to recognize the diverse problems of each nation-state, and various other factors such as the lack of insti tution building. The Case Against the Washington Consensus While there is plenty of scholarly debate and discourse regarding the correct definition of the

What Makes A Narcissist Can Be Defined As An Individual...

A narcissist can be defined as an individual who expresses constant or erotic gratification/interest in one’s self. In the entertainment industry, we call it confidence, however the extreme narcissist constantly cries out for attention, and often appears in scandals. Most creatives, in some way can be defined as narcissists, completely dedicated to their crafts, and obsessing over physical appearance, because we are simply judged and paid for it. It is no surprise that I turned to entertainment industry professionals, as well as designer fashion shows for an in-depth study on narcissism. While observing celebrity fashion designer’s Willie Fulmore was observing a celebrity to be. The designers constant work towards his craft was absolutely stunning. Fulmore, 30 years old, currently resides in Brooklyn, and has done work for the TMT (The Money Team), which includes mega celebrity Floyd Mayweather and other people such as Deontay Wilder, Swizz Beats, Precious Paris and o thers. Observing the artist at work, all T-Shirts are custom made. Their are made with the finest alligator material, beads and leather. As the designer states, â€Å"I crave for perfection†, meaning that Willmore will sacrifice several sleepless nights to create his work for celebrity clientele. â€Å"Do you consider yourself a narcissist† , are the words that leave my mouth? He stated there s a difference between perfection, and narcissism. Fulmore is constantly hard at work with the

Cartoon Endorsement Free Essays

Prepared by: Fariha Tazin, Lecturer, Faculty of Business Studies (Marketing) Proposed Title: CARTOON ENDORSEMENT: Efficacy on Kids Market Abstract: Kids are bombarded with various forms of promotional activities by marketers of food products. Today’s kids are very much aware of the fashion trend and who’s ever has taken them to market has been observed the marketing power of the popular cartoon characters. The purpose of this research study will be to find out whether cartoon strengthens children to buy more or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Cartoon Endorsement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Qualitative research approach will be used to carry out this research study. This study will set out to find the amount of influence that cartoon endorsers have on children. As there have been few academic literatures on the topic of the effectiveness and usefulness of cartoon endorsement in the field of advertising, It has been set as the main goal of this research studies to explore the weight of cartoon endorsement as a promotional technique in Bangladeshi markets. 1. Introduction: A child wakes up in his Disney character pajamas, rolls out of his Barney sheets, his toothbrush, toothpaste and perhaps even his soap covered in cute licensed characters. Gathering up his Pokemon cards and strapping on his Doraemon backpack, he heads off to school. But the Commercialism does not stop even in the schoolyard. Leveraging the endorsement of products by popular cartoons, as a marketing practice, is a common phenomenon. Cartoon endorsement concept has been derived from the idea of celebrity endorsement. The retailing segment is displaying immense business potential for these younger segments. Retailing for kids, be it branded or unbranded, has emerged as a tremendous market in Bangladesh. The kids retail market is immense, with a huge variety available in the clothing, accessories and footwear sections. Some of the products that are available in the kid’s accessories segment include fashion accessories, watches and even kids’ designer jewellery, not to mention toys, books, games, electronics, education aids. Dora the Explorer, Mickey Mouse and all the other staples of morning TV are part of the world’s greatest sales team — because when they’re on the package, kids start yelling for it. 2. Aim: to examine the effect of Cartoon endorsement on kids market. . Objective: a. To find out that whether there is a relationship between cartoon endorsement and the buying behavior of children. b. To analyze the benefits of having cartoon endorsement on products. 4. Research Questions: a. How retailers use cartoons on their variety of products? b. How kids respond to these endorsed products? c. How unbranded products are having benefited from thi s Cartoon endorsement of children market? d. Is there any negative outcome of this marketing that can badly affect children? 5. Literature Review: Advertisers often choose celebrities who are physically attractive allowing them to get benefit both from the status and physical appeal of different celebrities (Singer 1983). Most of the advertisements which get on air contain characters that are attractive. It has been observed that consumers often form positive opinions about such characters. Apart from this, it is seen that attractive communicators are doing well in changing the beliefs of the consumers (Baker and Churchill 1977; Chaiken 1979; Debevec and Kernan 1984) and increasing the purchase intents (Friedman et aI. 976; Petroshius and Crocker 1989; Petty and Cacioppo 1980) as compared to those characters that are unattractive. In one of the study by Story and French revealed that 75% of the purchase requests take place in a supermarket environment. 6. Methodology: The data will be collected using the questionnaires. For this purpose different school, neighborhoods and shopping malls will be visited to collect the data. This research will be conducted by taking the perspective of the parent’s that how they their children behaves when they encounter the cartoon endorsed product. The sample size for carrying out this research consisted of 50 respondents. 6. 1 Data Collection a) Primary Data Collection In this research study the primary data will be collected through survey questionnaires. For this purpose questionnaires will be distributed to those parents whose children lies between the ages of 3 to 8 years. So it is possible to define that age group of children who are dependent on their parents for buying decisions. b) Secondary Data Collection Secondary data will help us in determining the various dimensions of the variables under study. The secondary data for this research study will be collected from different journals, books, researches and websites. Mostly the data will be collected from previously published journals and researches. 7. Conclusion Young children, in particular, have difficulty in distinguishing between advertising and reality in ads, and ads can distort their view of the world. Additionally children are unable to evaluate advertising claims. Children represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents’ buying decisions and they’re the adult consumers of the future. Marketer tries to draw children’s attention through various means like TV, Magazines, Stickers, etc. Obviously attracted children by the marketing practices; get adversely affected most of the time. I expect this research to contribute to debates of the idea will be to find out the relationship between the cartoon endorsement and children impulse buying behavior, more specifically that whether those products are bought more impulsively by the children which have their favorite cartoon characters on them. References: Edward Martin, â€Å"Cartoon characters influence kids† [online], Health Revelations, 2009-2010 [cited July. 16, 2010], available from World Wide Web: http://healthrevelations. com/2010/07/16/cartoons-endorse-food/ a. AsimTanvir, † IMPACT OF CARTOON ENDORSEMENT ON CHILDREN IMPULSE BUYING OF FOOD: A PARENT’S PERSPECTIVE† The Institute [online], VOL 4, [cited JUNE, 2012], available from World Wide Web: http://www. ijcrb. webs. com. html b. Bellenger, D. N. , Robertson, D. H. Hirschman, E. C. 1978. Impulse buying varies by product. Journal of Advertising Research. Vol. 18. No. 6, 15-18 c. Gardner, M. P. Rook, D. W. 1988. Effects of impulse purchases on consumers’ affective states. Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 15, 127-130 d. Bardia Yousef hakimi Abed Abedniya Majid Nokhbeh Zaeim . , â€Å"Investigate the Impact of Celebrity Endorsement on Brand Image† European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X Vol. 58 No. 1 (2011 ), pp. 116-132,  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011, available from the : http://www. eurojournals. com/ejsr. htm e. Aaker, D. A and Myers, J. G (1987), Advertising Management, 3rd edition, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc How to cite Cartoon Endorsement, Papers

David’s Used Car Business Report Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Davids Used Car Business Report. Answer: Having read Mr Davids used car weird scenario i wish to attest that for real there exist mountains of problems in the whole operations that require immediate possible radicle surgery to save this business. Most of us will agree that the finished product item of sales as well as spare parts he trades in are indeed very expensive hence if not properly accounted for there may exist possible crisis resulting from poor inventory and sales management that may further lead to business disclosure. I wish to point out that the three main problems that David used car business faces are; (a) Lack of accountability. (b) Lack of system, procedures, appropriate channel in our things ought to be done and finally (c) Limitation of appropriate information thus barring good decision making If these three problems are dealt with thoroughly then David business will be safely operating. Accountingfor inventory is of great essence to David venture by look of things I can definitely state that there is no effective inventory control since there exist no physical activities trying to verify, authenticate and cater for completeness of the stocks i.e. the cars and the spare parts Lucas(2006.Pg. 23). David Steele is however seen to control stock through numerous paperwork sheets but due to the cumbersome nature of the transaction he seems not able to fully control. This leaves a loophole for inventory loss, damage, missing or even obsolescence. Paperwork means of control is not enough since it creates a chance for persons to maliciously change and corrupt the figures in the paper hence stealing from the company. The paperwork means of accountability which is seen to be used all over is prone to get worn out, catch fire or even become blurring. These paperwork data most likely do not have back up hence in case of these emergencies data relating to inventory gets lost hence lack of accountability. To curb David used cars inventory and whole system accountability there need to introduce an accounting inventory system that captures stock both for cars as well as spare parts that will be factoring all the processes from acquisition or purchase to sales. I suggest the configuration of the data to be just as similar as to that David uses. This will facilitate accounting for stocks whereby random stock take should be conducted now and then to authenticate the system stocks and that physically. This will fully control any aspect of malpractice as well as control the issue of FIFO hence obsolescence dealt with as well as creating awareness on items in stock such that there exist no single day a sale is not made or purchase because nobody is aware of the closing balances. Like any other business the sole objective of maximizing profits in Davids used car venture has to be factored too. This can be achieved by mainly conducting cost control as well as pushing sales. Cost control maximizes profit since if David is able to save cost on purchase as well as control of overall spillage, misuse, theft and obsolescence the sales automatically rises. This cost control can be done by ensuring that any activity taking place is accorded to one specific person and that person is entitled to give feedback to David. David should be seen to be delegating most of these tasks because that is the only way he can entrust his business for efficiency purposes. Mr David is not omnipresence to know all that happens in his compound hence by trusting and allocating duties to the personnel who works for him and create sense of responsibility expectation from them he will be able to smooth line the process Sakuma (2005).Pg. 151. The system should likewise be seen to control sales at the moment the current system of vouching sales is not effective enough thus there exist the need to link the point of sales system with the inventory hence as sales is made inventory depletes hence able to vouch cash collected by the cashier against the system sales. Again we expect to see Mr David trust the persons in charge of the sales and POS as well. Mr David is further advised to engage once in while external auditors to examine all the operations and provide advice and suggestion Romney (2012.Pg 13). Concerning security resource I request Mr David to invest in installation of CCTV cameras as well as system identification programs that identifies persons accessing the premises as well as identifying item leaving the premises. This should be accorded to security personnel who will be in charge of all security issue Cohen (2008.Pg 7). I conclude by stating that it is expensive and demanding to implement all this outlined measures and internal controlling system but trust me it worth because it will save a lot and create efficiency in the processes Bauer (2003.Pg 700). References Armband, P.B., Taylor, M.A. and Wood Jar, H.E., Vue Technology, Inc., 2006. Intelligent station using multiple RF antennae and inventory control system and method incorporating same. U.S. Patent 7,084,769. Cohen, C.J., Scott, K.A., Huber, M.J., Rowe, S.C. and Morelli, F., 2008, October. Behavior recognition architecture for surveillance applications. In Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2008. AIPR'08. 37th IEEE (pp. 1-8). IEEE. Bauer, D.G., Buiel, E.R., Campero, R.J., Carpenter, W.J., Metzler, S.P., Nordgren, R.E., Sakuma, T., Aoki, T. and Kaneko, Y., 2005. Inventory control system and method. U.S. Patent Application 11/255,151. Lucas, M.T., Unisone Corporation, 2006. Inventory control system and methods. U.S. Patent 6,996,538. Romney, M.B. and Steinbart, P.J., 2012.Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson.