AP Calculus BC Score and Course Credit Guide

AP Calculus BC Score and Course Credit Guide Of all the Advanced Placement courses a high school student can take, AP Calculus BC is probably the one that will most impress colleges. Nearly all colleges and universities will offer college credit for a high score on the exam. This includes top engineering schools such as MIT, Stanford, and Georgia Tech. About the AP Calculus BC Exam The AP Calculus BC exam covers topics such as functions, graphs, limits, derivatives and integrals. Unlike the Calculus AB exam, it also covers  parametric, polar, and vector functions. Because the BC exam covers more material than the AB test, it often offers students higher course placement, more course credit, and greater acceptance at colleges with rigorous math programs. Most colleges and universities have a math or quantitative reasoning requirement, so a high score on the AP Calculus BC exam will often fulfill this requirement. But the exam is more difficult, and in 2018 just 139,376 students took the BC exam. By comparison, 308,538 students took the Calculus AB exam. Youll notice, however, that the average scores on the BC exam tend to be higher than those on the AB exam. Dont be fooled into thinking this means the BC exam is easier or has a more forgiving grading standard. The reality is that the scores are higher because the students who take the BC exam tend to come from schools with strong math programs. The comparison of BC and AB exam takers is fairly easy, for the College Board released AB subscores for students who take the BC exam (the content of the AB exam is part of the BC exam). In 2018, the mean score for students taking the Calculus AB exam was a 2.94. The mean AB subscore for students taking the BC exam was a 3.97. AP Calculus BC Score Information The AP Calculus BC exam tends to be taken by very strong students, so the scores are higher than most other AP exams. In 2018, 79.8% of test-takers scored a 3 or higher indicating that they might qualify for college credit. The mean was a 3.8, and scores were distributed as follows: AP Calculus BC Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 56,324 40.4 4 25,982 18.6 3 28,891 20.7 2 20,349 14.6 1 7,830 5.6 To learn more specific information about the AP Calculus BC exam, be sure to visit the official College Board website. AP Calculus BC College Course Placement The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Calculus BC exam. Youll want to contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information for a particular college, and the placement information can change from year to year. AP Calculus BC Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 3, 4 or 5 MATH 1501 (4 semester hours) Grinnell College 3, 4 or 5 4 semester credits; MAT 123, 124, 131; 4 additional credits are possible for a 4 or 5 LSU 3, 4 or 5 MATH 1550 (5 credits) for a 3; MATH 1550 and 1552 (9 credits) for a 4 or 5 MIT 4 or 5 18.01, Calculus I (12 units) Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 MA 1713 (3 credits) for a 3; MA 1713 and 1723 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 3, 4 or 5 Mathematics 10250 (3 credits) for a 3; Mathematics 10550 and 10560 (8 credits) for a 4 or 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; placement determined in consultation with the faculty Stanford University 3, 4 or 5 MATH 42 (5 quarter units) for a 3; MATH 51 (10 quarter units) for a 4 or 5 Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 MATH 198 Analytic Geometry Calculus I and MATH 263 Analytic Geometry Calculus II (10 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and Calculus for a 3; 8 credits and MATH 31A and Calculus for a 4; 8 credits and MATH 31A and 31B for a 5 Yale University 4 or 5 1 credit for a 4; 2 credits for a 5 A Final Word about AP Calculus BC AP classes are important in the college admissions process, and Calculus BC is one of the best AP subjects you can take. Many students struggle in math, and if you are successful in this AP class, you are showing that you are well prepared for the challenges of college-level mathematics. The course is a particularly good choice for students planning to enter engineering, science, and business fields.

Consumer forum Essay Example

Consumer forum Essay Example Consumer forum Essay Consumer forum Essay Once again, they placed a particular emphasis on fairness. Public transport was not typically regarded as credible and car clubs were not seen as attractive – partly because they fail to meet the need for autonomy, which personal ownership seems to deliver. We were able to conclude that the concept of shifting taxation away from car ownership and onto car use in a transparent way can command support. However, when it comes to taxation of fuel, vehicles and road use, people are often sceptical of the motives of policy-makers: they see taxes as revenue-raisers rather than carbon-cutters. But clear and visible hypothecation – from tax revenues to public transport – as in the case of London’s congestion charge, can help make such taxes more acceptable to people. These findings mirror evidence from elsewhere about the challenge of addressing the car culture. A prerequisite for achieving change is a committed effort to improve public transport services, to tackle long-term issues of access and mobility in a sustainable way. But effort is also needed to address our underlying attachment to cars. One clear opportunity is to work with the grain of people’s pride in their cars and accelerate the market for desirable low-carbon cars. We set out, right, a number of recommendations for improving the way we get around. These include some suggestions for developing a product roadmap for mainstreaming low-carbon cars, which can build on the work of the Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership(93). Holiday travel Overseas travel represents a major aspiration for many people. Participants at the Consumer forum spoke of their attachment to flying abroad for sun and for short breaks. Among less affluent groups there were numerous references to how the low-cost carrier boom has opened up travel to a wider section of the population. People were also shocked when they were informed of the impact of flying on climate change. For many, flying has always been presented as a positive thing, a chance to broaden your mind. ‘You just want to experience as much as you can, and learn about the different ways of living as well. And you can’t do that by staying around the same people. ’ Consumer forum participant There is a clear paradox in the relationship between travel and sustainability. Many champions of the environment and the developing world would acknowledge that travel was a driving force in opening their eyes. Yet there is no question that we urgently need to limit the rapid increase in carbon emissions from frequent flying. The fact that one of the ten breakout groups at the Consumer forum chose an end to internal flights within Britain as their ‘best idea of the day’ demonstrates that attitudes are open to change. It may be that, with careful and visible investment in infrastructure, and improvements in inner-city rail services (where these are a realistic and available alternative) more people might become receptive to leadership on curbing domestic flights. Even so, there are fewer alternatives to air travel in some cases. People in Northern Ireland, for example, can claim with some reason that air travel helps to reduce their potential isolation from the rest of the UK and the European mainland. Overseas travel is a more contentious area. Of course, projected emissions growth from aviation means that demand management is urgent and essential. Bringing aviation into the Kyoto Protocol and emissions trading schemes will be important steps. But it would be short-sighted to think that we can leave air passengers out of the equation when we push for more radical interventions. As we have argued upfront, if policy-makers and advocates are to create and retain the mandate for the bold action that is needed on sustainable consumption then policy will need to actively touch the lives of citizens and engage with them honestly and courageously. Our contribution has been to see how public support, and hence political will, can be built for essential demand management measures. This is the rationale for rolling out carbon offset on an opt-out basis.

What Form Will Domestic Terrorism Take in the Future in the United Research Paper

What Form Will Domestic Terrorism Take in the Future in the United States - Research Paper Example This was a form of domestic terrorism since the perpetrators of the bombing were US citizens. This paper discusses the form that domestic tourism is likely to take in future in the US. It presents a comparison of the right wing comprised of white extremists, left wing, animal and eco terrorists and the influx of radical Islam in to the US. Right vs Left Wing Movements Both right and left wing movements share revolutionary ideologies. According to FBI (2009), the militia movement remains the most recent anti-government right wing movement. These extremist groups have been persistent in the US since the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma. The extremists comprise people who share anti-government ideologies. They are opposed to taxation by the federal government as well as the regulations imposed on economic activities. The militias also resist the federal government’s involvement in international activities as well as equality with regards to racial and religious minorit ies. In other words, they can be described as white supremacists and anti-government groups. The Ku Klux Klan is one of the renowned white supremacist groups. FBI further notes that right wing terrorist groups such as the Skinheads and the neo-nazis are significant security threats to the US. They engage in activities such as bombing as well as indiscriminate shooting in cities (Mullins and Young, 2010). Bjelopera (2011) argues that leaders of these groups promote the advancement of highly structured conspiracy theories making members to believe and behave in ways that make the group undesirable to the law abiding citizens. Some of them advocate for the removal of the term ‘illegal fire arms’ depicting that they would wish that they be allowed to own weapons. Considering their extremist ideologies and the fact that some have paramilitary organizational structures, the federal government has made concerted efforts to quell any terrorist plans that may cause harm to the p ublic through arresting any person possessing illegal arms. The more the federal government exerts pressure on these extremist groups, the greater their efforts to make their ideologies acknowledgeable among susceptible citizens. According to Lerner (2003), right wing extremists make efforts to affirm the need for pursuant of their goals. Their strategy is focused on indoctrination of the public with false philosophies against the government. Left wing domestic terrorism dates back to the late 19th century in the US. It was associated with anarchist groups who were against capitalism. These groups were backed by revolutionary immigrants from Eastern Europe (FBI 2009). Even though left wing terrorism began to decline in the mid 1980s, they left a trail of destruction, worst of all the killing of President William McKinley in 1901 and several bombings perpetrated on US industrialists and capitalists. The most recent left wing groups include; Weather Underground, SLA and the FALN among others who used strategies that instilled fear among the public such as widespread kidnapping and bombing of populous places such as Chicago’s Haymarket. These were among the strategies that the left wing terrorists used to attract attention to their ideologies. However, according to FBI, the only active left wing extremist group is the Puerto Rican separatist movement (Mullins and Young, 2010). Animal and Eco Terrorists Animal and eco terrorists are groups that focus on special interests such as

The Historical Relevance of the Movie Saving Private Ryan Essay

The Historical Relevance of the Movie Saving Private Ryan - Essay Example Besides, the movie acts the role of a link between past and present. Thesis statement: The movie "Saving Private Ryan" is historically relevant because it portrays World War II from personal and general perspectives. Plot summary The movie begins with a World War II veteran’s (Ryan) visit to Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in France. The film is presented as a flash-back, which represents the Normandy Invasion of 1944, undertaken by America and its allies against German control over French territory. The initial landing on French soil was undertaken and successfully accomplished by Captain John H. Miller. Dancyger opines about Miller that â€Å"His conscious self-sacrifice to save Ryan elevates the premise of the narrative to mediation on the question of what is worth dying for, and the film implies that there are issues and events in life that are worth dying for† (197). Then, the whole attention is shifted to the main plot of the story. Within this context, Ge neral George Marshall came to know that Ryan family is to be informed that four brothers are lost during the war. But George Marshall was aware of the fact that Private First Class James Francis Ryan (fourth brother) was not dead but missing in action. The following part of the film revolves around Miller’s attempt to find out Ryan. The troop members travel through Neuville, Vierville and Ramelle and finds out Ryan. In the end, Ryan and others survive and Miller was succumbed to death. Then the viewers came to know that the old man in the beginning of the film who visit’s Miller’s grave was Ryan. Historical relevance As pointed out, the movie "Saving Private Ryan" is interconnected with one of the important events during World War II. Within this context, the movie can be considered as attempt from the director to commemorate the soldiers who fought bravely to save the whole world from Nazism and Fascism. Besides, the director makes use of the main character (Mi ller) as a mouthpiece to communicate with the viewers. The director shows ample importance to the relationship between past and present. The first scene in the film represents the present condition, in which a World War veteran visits a grave yard. When the camera suddenly shifts attention to another scene, and the time element becomes stagnant. This leads to a sequence of scenes in which the camera focuses upon the hardships faced by the soldiers during the World War II. As the whole world was undergoing imminent threat from Adolf Hitler and his ideology of Aryan supremacy, the plot selected by the director can be considered as historically relevant. The movie’s plot is interconnected with war history, especially the World War II. But the director does not try to portray the World War II as a whole. Instead, he made use of a specific incident within the World War II as the plot for his movie. For instance, the Invasion of Normandy in France by America (say, in 1944), and its allies was an important event during the World War II. It paved the way towards the ultimate downfall of Adolf Hitler. Instead of telling the story from a third person perspective, the director made use of the character Miller as the eye witness and participant of the war. Within this context, the film must be considered as a tribute to the soldiers who fought for the wellbeing of humanity. One can easily identify that the physical and mental trauma faced by the soldiers during World War II is an eye opener for the whole world. The director gave ample importance to the combat scenes and same is to be considered as a kaleidoscopic vision into the darker side of war. Besides, the movie represents the survival instinct of human beings in critical

Review chapter 9( Design Approach in Ethics & Responsible Essay

Review chapter 9( Design Approach in Ethics & Responsible Administration) from the book (The Responsible Administrator...) and chose any article and make relation - Essay Example Again the chapter advocates that ethical issues should be reflected on so that the best alternatives for the solutions can be arrived at. It does not advocate for set standards or guidelines for any ethical situation ( Cooper, 2012). Consequently, this chapter arrives at three key points, the first one being that all ethical problems have solutions, only the alternatives differs and as such the implications. Secondly, the public administrative role ought to have an appropriate approach and lastly, a well-designed approach is very significant while solving any ethical problem. In the Journal of Public Affairs Education (2011), it has been spelt out that the American constitution is the foundation for public administration theory and practice. In this constitution lies the basic code of conduct by a public administrator. Hence this is the basic approach applied while solving ethical issues. In addition, the author notes that if the utilization and misuse of administrative discretion is thoroughly evaluated then it results as being another positive relationship between the rule of law and competent public sector management methods ( Sharpe, 2011). However, the constitution should not be a limiting factor for any public administrator. There are those situations that call for individual judgment. As such, those entitle to train public administrators should enlighten the students on where the limits of the constitution lies. In essence the above points are very much in line with the three key points outlined in this chapter by Cooper. The approaches need to solve an ethical situation is very important. In fact, these approaches are imbedded in the constitution and other codes of conduct that the public administrator abides by. However, there are other factors that should be looked into apart from the constitution and these ethical codes. Such

How the Role of Women Has Changed Essay Example for Free

How the Role of Women Has Changed Essay How much has the role of women changed in the last 30 years? Since the introduction of the pill on the NHS and the equal pay act we have seen massive changes in how women are viewed in society. In this essay I will be looking at how these have changed societies views and how they have affected women. I want to research this topic as I believe that there has been great leaps forward in how women are able to live and how this is now affecting the rest of the world. I will be analysing some of the recent changes in polices and attitudes that have taken place that have allowed women to become more productive members in the professional working environment. Over the last 30 years of feminism we have seen women shaking off the stereo typical attitude of females being second class citizens. Women are now able to go into higher education and thus allowing them showing great determination, will power, stamina and courage to apply and take on the role of many high powered jobs that were once only seen as a job for males. And now women have greater opportunities than ever before. But they are showing a lower sense off well being this seems to come as quite a shock as women have managed to liberate theme self’s from the traditional view.(http://www.dailymail.co.uk) Women have never had so much equity that they have now and we are now seeing female miners ,doctors and dentist which shows that they can get on any single job that they want. Women are still able to have children some as much two or three and are still managing to keep up a balance of family and work life.(http://www.dailymail.co.uk) The introduction of the pill has had the biggest social and family impact that has been seen in our time. When it was first introduced the government was not happy about providing it to all women as they did not want to be seen to promote promiscuity so they mainly issued it to older women who already had children and did not want to have any more. But in a controversial move in 1974 saw family planning clinics give the pill out to single women which made it a lot easer for theme to decide if they wanted to have children. It is now estimated that two million women in England and Wales take the pill and 70% of all women have at some stage been prescribed the pill.( http://www.bbc.co.uk)This was revolutionary for women at the time now they have a greater freedom than ever before. Women could now decide when they got pregnant which means they could go on to higher education and become a career woman not just a mother and house wife. The introduction of the Equal Pay Act 1970 ,now the Equity Act 2010, was supposed to close the gap on the amount that men got paid compared to women for doing the same job. But recent statistics show that men still earn more in 370 out of 426 job classification than women who earn more in only 53 job classifications. Ruth Sealy, Deputy director of the International Centre for Women Leaders at Cranford University said â€Å"it’s appalling how can this be when we have equality laws?†(http://www.guardian.co.uk) The government has made a decision to change one of it’s polices in the Equality Act that would have made companies disclose the percentage of pay differences between men and women by 2013 .Sealy believes that this policy is responsible for the 2 % decline in the pay gap between men and women in 2011 and now it is not in place the pay gap may start to increase again.(http://www.guardian.co.uk) Although this dose sound like the Equality Act is not working as it was intended to there is light at the end of tunnel. Lord Davies independent review into woman on boards has given Britain’s 100 biggest companies until 2015 to increase the amount of women who sit on boards from 12.5% to 25%. There has already been a marked improvement since the report has been published the figures have went up by 2.5% to 15% Lord Davies said† this is amazing progress†. (http://www.telegraph.co.uk) Family life has changed over the last 30 years we are now seeing more women going into work which means that there are now two incomes coming into the family home and people are now living better that they once did. Women are now living like men once did they are going out to work meeting new people and enjoying a social life away from the husband. And it seems that men are staying at home and spend more time with the children.(http://www.guardian.co.uk) A recent study carried out by the Equal Opportunities Commission found that 69% agreed that there life’s are becoming more similar in rearguards to how much time they can spend between work and family life. Now women are spending more time at work it means that they have to rush home to see the children before bed time or to care for a relative. Due to this change people are becoming more worried about family life how is it going to turn out if this sexual revaluation is going to continue we will need to start looking at the policy that are in place for the elderly and disabled so we can give them more of a say on how they want to live if the availability of family care is going to reduce.(http://www.guardian.co.uk) Women have moved dramatically forward in the last 30 years there have been so many changes in the attitudes of society that have enabled women to feel more empowered about the choices that they can make in their own life. The attitude that people have towards women is far from the typical attitude that people had in regards what role women should take on as they are no longer expected to be the house wife or the mum. Women are now becoming professionals and are now sitting on the boards of some of the most powerful companies in the world. This is all great but how is this affecting the way in which parents bring up families if men and women are now living similar life’s how will be able to bring up our family and give the parental support to the children if both the parents are out trying to promote there careers. If this is going to continue people will need to start thinking about the future of family life. We will have to find a way in which family’s will be able to function at a normal level and still be able to support women to carry on and progress even further. Is it going to be a case some fifty years down the line that the gender revaluation has went so far that the roles of men and women will have completely turned around. Our will the gender revaluation reach a point where both sexes are able to work and provide a healthy family life. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15984258 (Date accessed 20/03/2012) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1189894/Women-happy-years-ago-.html (Date accessed 25/03/2012) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1189856/M-S-boss-Stuart-Rose-Glass-ceiling-Women-good-workplace.html (Date accessed 02/04/2012) http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/mar/08/four-decades-on-equal-pay-yet-to-come (Date accessed 03/04/2012) http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2005/nov/23/equality.socialcare ( Date accessed 04/04/2012) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jobs/9090327/Lord-Davies-shakes-up-Britains-boardrooms.html (Date accessed 06/04/2012) Richard D. Gross (1994). Key Studies in Psychology. 2nd ed. London: Hodder And Stoughton. 100.

Organizational Structure The Formation Of An Organization

Organizational Structure The Formation Of An Organization Organizational structure is very much initial and essential step in the formation of an organization. When individuals are well aware about structure like departments, authorities and responsibilities division they work very efficiently and in good manner. Many schools of thought define organizational structure. The researcher found (dictionary.com 2010) unique definition of organizational structure that it is a form of an organization that is apparent in the way functions, departments, divisions and people link together and interact. Organization structure may be represented by an organization chart, it reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages. Organizational structure may be much complex due to its size and its geographic dispersal The Researcher realized that organization structure consists on departments, functions and divisions which based on individuals workers at their selected positions. They are all linked together and they are all responsibility at their own working capacity and works in their span of working as a creative part of organization. And intricacy in organizational structure depends upon its capacity, its business worth, its geographical location, its choice of business and many other conditions which effect internally or externally on the organization. As the same statement (George Jones, 2005) also defines organizational structure as it is the relationship between the management team and the workforce for performing formal task and reporting. Structure of organization designed by the management team and the basic inspiration is the motivation of employees to work hard with best coordination for doing desired work George and Jones explained the organizational structure as relationship of management team and the individual work force which plays their role at their best. Management also motivates the senior and junior support staff on their efforts and the main task is coordination for best results in favor of organization. Coordination depends on best communication style exercised within the organization and (Hall 1987) also defines organizational structure as communication flows, interaction of individuals and best use of power relationship for all the activities of organization. In the light of above views the organizational structure is complex design of individuals at different positions, different departments and divisions, with appropriate coordination and communication between employees for best and working in stipulated time period in reasonable cost. At present age the need of organizational structure very much essential, but think about early ages of human life or during the evolutio n of society and economy the need of organization and organizational structure exists, and scholars of this evolutionary group initialized the idea of organizational structure in what sense. The researcher found some references about the history of organizational structure and presented here under History Organizational structure has background from ancient times. Collectors and hunters used to manage tribal organizations. At the next step of revolution of economic history it was observed that through clerical strength industrialists developed structures of organizations at that time. Organizational structures have different types as the revolution of economies and described as: Pre-Bureaucratic Structures With the development of economies the concept of entrepreneurial business raised, at this time organizational structures are called pre-bureaucratic structures. Most of the operations directed and controlled by unitary structure and the strategic leader makes all key decisions. But these structures have very low standardization of tasks. The researcher realized that most decisions taken by single person either at very minor level. This may be fits for entrepreneur or sole proprietor ship where business scale may be high but working span based on single decision maker. Supervision of Organizational structure totally summarized by Entrepreneur and all the employees followed the instructions for doing their job with neglecting the results which may be in favor or oppose of business. Due to this reason the level of standardization exists in minor sense in pre-bureaucratic structure. Set pattern, style of working enhance working efficiency and these were initial frame work of standardization. Bureaucratic Structures (Burns and Stalker 1961) indicates organization structures which have certain degree of standardization. Degree of standardization creates the sense of quality maintenance for products and services. (Chandler 1962, 1977) and williamson (1975, 1985) also comment on the shifting of organizational structure from unitary to multi-divisionary structures for market positioning and resource allocation among divisions, because many organizations enhances business at multinational basis and style of structure suite to them. The researcher further observed about standardization in organizational structure and found the term degree of standardization and its benefit also. Degree may help to improve and maintain the quality of product or service. The researcher realized that shifting to flat structure for marketing positioning already applied in organizations. The researcher tried to find the effect of shifting on multi-divisionary structures for enhancement in degree of standardization, due to reducing in implementation time or cost.. Post-Bureaucratic Structures (Donnellon, Hecscher, 1994) initiates the post bureaucratic organization theory which may include total quality management, culture management and matrix management. The ideas of post bureaucratic structures specifically contrast with the weberà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ideal type bureaucracy. (Grey C, Garsten C) also describes the post bureaucratic organization as such type of organization where decisions are based on dialogue and consensus rather than authority and command. It is used to encourage participation and help to empower people who normally experience oppression in groups. Some researchers studied that how simple structures could be used to generate improvisational outcomes in product development (Miner et al, 2000). The researcher found the good examples of companies which shifts from unitary structures to typical bureaucracy like shell Group and when the management converted the structure to matrix the company failed in market. Starbuck empowers employees to make their own decisions and train them to develop both hard and soft skills. Some experts initiates the matrix structure as multinational design (Robbin, judge2007) which maintains coordination among products, functions and geographic, and the same design adopted by many global companies like Toyota, Procter and gamble and Uniliver. Over the last decade the competition, global trends, customer demands and many other factor set the mind of business person that many companies has become flatter in which less hierarchical divisions involved which is necessary for survival of the organization. After that another approach introduced and today organization structures designed as per business strategy and the new styles developed in the formation of organizational structures. These are functional structures, divisional structures, Team, Network and Boundary less Structures. Functional Structure (Miles, Snow 1992) describes this structure. This style of organizational structure describes the specific activity of business. The organization engaged the employee for specialized set of tasks. In some businesses, when standardized goods and services made at large volume and low cost the functional structure will best fit the operations. In functional structures coordination and specialization of task are centralized which produce a limited amount of products or services efficient and predictable. The advantage of this structure is most useful for those industries which involved in manufacturing of heavy machinery, Electrical equipment and tools which have standardized technical specs. Likewise at the other side functional structures are helpful for organizations provide specific services to their customers. Most of the service provider companies adopt the same structure for their particular scope of work, specified customers, isolated style of workings and pre-determined targets within stipulated time period. Divisional Structure (Theraja 2008) consider the style in his book. Divisional structure also known as product structure. Each organizational function is grouped into division. Like an industry makes products of same nature like textile industry which invloves spinning, dying , knittting, Weaving units they consider as individual division as per their activities for each unit. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Divisions can be categorized from different points of view. There can be made a distinction on product/service basis (different products for different customers: households or companies) or on geograpical basis (like UAE and Asian Division). Matrix Structure In matrix structure induviduals grouped by both function and product. Structure can combine the best operations of structures which followed separately at their areas. Excellent practice followed in a matrix organization, and the management frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. Matrix structure is amongst the purest of organizational structures, a simple lattice emulating order and regularity demonstrated in nature. As project matrix divided into three categories stated in below: Weak / Functional Matrix: in this type of structure functional manager manage the resources and asssigned project area. Organization limitize the project manager and he is only responsible to oversee the cross- functional aspects of the porject. Balanced / Functional Matrix: Such type of structures the best aspects of functional and projectized organizations merged. It is the responsibility of project manager to oversee the project. project manager and the functional managers equally powered from the higher management. In some situations it is consider the most difficult system to maintain as the sharing power is delicate proposition. Strong/Project Matrix: Project manager is primarily responsible for the project. Functional managers provide technical expertise and assign resources as needed. Team: (Theraja 2007) Newest concept of organizational structures os team. If the organization have hierarchical or flat sturctures the management works as team. An organization gathered a set of people who synergize individual competencies to achieve unique dimensions, the quality of organizational structure revolves aropund the comptencies of teams in totality. In banking concept of floor financing emerged and management creates a team which have common interest to sell more cars through leasing. Team works for maximum car selling through leasing facility to resonsible and rapport individuals . Network: (Walker 2007) Managers in network structures spend most of their time coordinating and controlling external relations, usually by electronic means. Many businesses involves in this structures and concerned staff engaging in network to sell more strategy for a porduct and service. Boundary less Structure: (Andreson 2007) discuss this type of organizational structure that it is such type of organizational structures have no boundary of their business links. They have virtual business entity which engaged in 24 hrs business on internet. This means while the core of the organization can be small but still the company can operate globally be a market leader in its niche.Many businessman follow this type of strategy and have good range of products displays through internet and makes more profit to sell these products at different levels and different quantity but same quality and price. Magnificient companies develop, modify and change their organizational structures so that they align with their strategies. For the last decades most of the organization shifting back to flatter structures. Being at risk of losing profits or even going bankrupt due to the major financial downturn today, a lot of companies are moving to flatter structures. Losing profit at the basis of cost enhancement and other factors which caused loss in diversed shapes but as per ethics each and every organizational structure has common determinants which observed by organization in formation of organizational structure or shifting from existing structure to another one. These determinants are dicussed as below Detereminants of oganizational structure In every organization, management care about all the determinants when creates organizational structure. Main determinants of organizational structure are 1. The Environment Reseracher found many school of thoughts about determinants of organizational structure like (Burns and Stalker 1961) says that environmental conditions plays prominent role for appropriateness of organizational structure. Further stated by (Lawrence and Lorsh 1967) that performance of such companies much better if their internal capabilities and characteristics matches with environmental requirements. Reseracher realized environment arround the organization or business affected in both sense negative or positive. Some internal environments also conserve the resources and help to use in right manner or some time caused deffciency or decline. 2. The Size of the organization (Stephen P. Borgatti, 1996) stated that organization size consists on number of personnel., output, capcacity and resources. Also explained that when the size increased the structures and actitivities also increased but concentration of power decreased. When organziation tends to enhancement its volume as working capacity, extension in services or products they have already made, personnel in shape of making new divisions or resources which are in shape of fund flows the structure direclty proportionate with it and increased with the size of organization but concentration of power may be decreased. Planned organization have best solution for concentration of power, they authorized appointed person at their span of working. The authorized person is competent and skilled to take immediate decision as best choice for organization growth. 3. Technology In current scenario the communication technology is very essential for organzational strucutre. Researcher found the view of different authors like (Parsons 1951) says that coordination and communication processes importance increased at each level, either managerial, technical or institutional. It considers very complex issue in organization and in all dynamics of organization environment (Emery and Trist,1960). In some other school of thought technology is one of the internal important factor of organization. In any organization managerial porcesses and technology has relationship and technology determines the way of organizational management.Technology determines the principles, theories and structures of organization (Zareei Matin, 2003, p-155). Resarcher agreed with this statement and observed that communication technology in organization plays prominent role for managerial activities. Further realized that communication technology raised at each level in organizational structur e with growth of organization. The Organization Strategy: (Fe`rery 2006) said that strategy consists on three dimension which were called dynamics of strategy, these are value, parimeter and imitation. Researcher realized that all of three factors exercised by organizational structure and also realized that best fit between organizational strategy, structure and management process make it a successful organization (Raymond Miles and Charles Snow 1992). The researcher found that strategies and structure has complex relationship in organization and growth of organization possible in the sense that strategy chosen for business as per requirement of organizational structure or sometime there may be remarkable change required in organizational structure as per market demand. During research another point explored by researcher and gathered the infromation about organizational structure affects on culture of organization and discussed below. Effect of organizational structure on organization culture Reseracher tried to found the effect of strucutre on culture and achieved suggestion that in change process of organization culture is an integral part (R.Dension and K. Mishra 1995) Sub headings Community organizing practice The Organizerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s role Practice Keys Quality standards In an organizational structure monitoring of absolute application of quality standards is very important task and most of the firms exercised it carefully. The researcher observed some standards relevant to the population of study like implementation time, implementation cost, motivation, monitoring, communication and systematic approach. The researcher gathered infromation about these quality standards from different sources relevant to the study and discussed in following Frame work on literature review Introduction History/Types Determinants effect on Culture Organizational Structure and Standardization Quality standards Application in current structure ISO 9001, 14001 Implementation of ISO in current structure